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标题：Rural versus urban gaseous inorganic reactive nitrogen in the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) of India
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作者：Saumya Singh ; U C Kulshrestha
期刊名称：Environmental Research Letters
印刷版ISSN：1748-9326
电子版ISSN：1748-9326
出版年度：2014
卷号：9
期号：12
页码：125004
DOI：10.1088/1748-9326/9/12/125004
语种：English
出版社：IOP Publishing Ltd
摘要：The present study reports on the abundance of reactive nitrogen (NH₃ and NO₂) at two sites, i.e. Okhla (urban site) in Delhi and Mai (rural site), located in the nearby state: Uttar Pradesh. The measurements were carried out during the period from October, 2012 to September, 2013 on a monthly basis. The average concentrations of NH₃ at Okhla and Mai have been recorded as 40.4 ± 16.8 and 51.57 ± 22.8 μg m⁻³, respectively. The average concentrations of NO₂ have been recorded as 24.4 ± 13.5 and 18.8 ± 12.6 μg m⁻³ at Okhla and Mai, respectively. Results show that the seasonal variation at Mai was more prominent where NH₃ concentrations varied at 72.0 μg m⁻³ during the winter, 47.2 μg m⁻³ during the summer and 30.7 μg m⁻³ during the monsoon season, whereas at Okhla the average NH₃ concentrations were almost equal during different seasons, namely 44.2 μg m⁻³ during the winter, 42.5 μg m⁻³ during the summer and 38.9 μg m⁻³ during the monsoon season. This is probably due to significant differences in crops and in the fertilizer amounts applied across the seasons in rural areas, while urban areas have almost constant sources throughout the year. Winter concentrations were highest at both sites, followed by summer and then the monsoon season. The average NO₂ concentrations were recorded as 39.6 μg m⁻³, 24.5 μg m⁻³and 10.4 μg m⁻³ during the winter, summer and monsoon season at Okhla, whereas the average NO₂ concentrations were recorded as 27.5 μg m⁻³, 17.2 μg m⁻³ and 4.1 μg m⁻³ during the winter, summer and monsoon season, respectively. NO₂ emissions at Okhla may be attributed to various urban activities, such as vehicular traffic and industries, while NO₂ emissions at Mai may be attributed to biomass burning as a major source. However, NO₂ concentrations from vehicular traffic and nearby industries cannot be ignored at Mai.