文章基本信息

标题：Cue Switching in the Perception of Approximants: Evidence from Two English Dialects
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作者：Dalcher, Christina Villafaña ; Knight, Rachael-Anne ; Jones, Mark J. 等
期刊名称：University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
出版年度：2008
卷号：14
期号：2
页码：9
出版社：University of Pennsylvania
摘要：A surprising dissimilarity is found in the perception of approximant sounds by speakers of American English (AE) and Standard Southern British English (SSBE) dialects. Eighteen subjects (6 AE and 12 SSBE speakers) performed an identification task in which they judged whether stimuli were more like /r/ or /w/. The stimuli comprised five sounds copy-synthesised from a source /r/, where formant values (F1-F3) were manually adjusted as follows: A: F1=355 F2=1201 F3=1682 (/r/-like formants) B: F1=355 F2= 963 F3=1682 (F2 at midpoint of /r/ and /w/; F3 /r/-like) C: F1=355 F2= 1201 F3=2541 (F2 /r/-like; F3 raised to /w/-like height) D: F1=355 F2= 725 F3=1682 (F2 lowered to /w/-like height; F3 /r/-like) E: F1=355 F2= 725 F3=2541 (/w/-like formants) The only significant difference (t=2.031, p<.05) between the two dialect groups’ performance occurred with Stimulus D in which F3 was typical for /r/ and F2 was typical for /w/. AE speakers identified this stimulus as /r/ 90% of the time and SSBE speakers only 59% of the time. Such a disparity is unexpected given that alveolar approximant /r/ in both dialects is generally characterised acoustically by a low F3 (Delattre and Freeman 1968; Nolan 1983; Alwan et al. 1997; Stevens 1998; Espy-Wilson et al. 2000). Why then the significantly different results between the two groups when Stimulus D involves the canonical /r/ cue of a lowered F3? A possible solution to this problem lies in the well-documented existence of a non-standard realisation of /r/ in Southeast England which is increasingly common in adult speech as a sociolinguistic variable: "labiodental" /r/ (Foulkes & Docherty 2001; Trudgill 1988). This variant does not have a low F3 (Docherty and Foulkes 2001). The performance of the SSBE subjects here may be due to greater exposure to the labiodental /r/ variant in their community. SSBE speakers must tolerate a wider diversity of /r/-types, including /r/s without a canonically low F3. As a consequence, the /r/ category in SSBE may be becoming increasingly defined by F2, rather than by F3. If this were the case, SSBE speakers would weight F2 more than F3 in their perceptual categorization, and the F2 boundary between /w/ and /r/ would become sharper in SSBE relative to AE. AE speakers, who likely encounter "labiodental" /r/ less frequently, continue to attend more to F3 than F2. For them, the /r/-like low F3 in Stimulus D leads them to a definite /r/ categorization. For the