文章基本信息

标题：Systematic Approaches to Comprehensive Analyses of Natural Organic Matter
本地全文：下载
作者：Leenheer, Jerry A.
期刊名称：Annals of Environmental Science
出版年度：2009
卷号：3
期号：1
页码：13
出版社：Northeastern University
摘要：Interest in the composition of natural organic matter (NOM) in various environments is increasing because of its significance in soil fertility, water quality, the global carbon cycle, and the maintenance of life itself. NOM composition cannot yet be described at the molecular level of characterization because of NOM complexity and its interactions with itself and environmental matrixes, but composition descriptions have progressed from the humus “black box” to compound-class descriptions that can be related to biochemical precursors modified by various diagenetic decay processes. The objective of this account is to present a number of comprehensive, systematic approaches to NOM analyses in a variety of soil, sediment, water, atmosphere, and rock environments. The focus of comprehensive NOM analyses is primarily based on analytical organic chemistry, but relevant information from biochemistry, plant science, soil science, hydrology, inorganic chemistry, and limnology is also included where needed. Comprehensive analysis is inclusive; its objective is to include all of NOM in its various fractions. Systematic analysis of NOM is based upon a hierarchical approach designed to quantitatively separate NOM into various fractions based on molecular size; polarity; acid, base, and neutral characteristics; specific gravity; extractability in various solvents; and volatility. The hierarchy level, fraction homogeneity, instrumental requirements, time, and cost of analyses are directly related to the number of NOM properties applied in the fractionation process. Given the fact that each NOM analysis is a research endeavor, the intended audiences for this book are researchers. These researchers should have a fundamental understanding of analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, and inorganic chemistry to successfully apply and modify comprehensive NOM analyses for studies with specific objectives, particularly as applied to environmental samples with unique properties that require procedural modifications. Comprehensive NOM analyses are designed for the discovery of unknown components that comprise NOM. After their discovery, analytical methods for these previously unknown components can usually be developed that are more rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive. Thus, comprehensive NOM analysis is not intended for environmental monitoring studies. The analytical approach of comprehensive NOM analysis is reductionist, with the ultimate intent of separating pure NOM compounds that can be identified in a systematic manner similar to that described in The Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds by Shriner, Fuson, and Curtin. Obtaining pure NOM compounds that can be identified by conventional analyses is not yet possible, and the most homogeneous of NOM fractions still contains hundreds to thousands of compounds, as shown
关键词：Natural organic matter (NOM); Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM); Humic Substances; Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON); Total Organic Matter (TOM); NOM Sampling; Isolation; Fractionation and Composition Fresh Water and Salt Water and Seawater; Separations and Ultrafiltration; Chromatography and XAD-8 Resin; Elemental Analyses and Density Analyses; Molar Mass/Size Distributions; Infrared Spectrometry; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry (NMR); Mass Spectrometry; Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrometry; Fluorescence Spectrometry; X-ray Absorption Spectrometry; Degradations; Molecular and Structural Models of NOM; Suwannee River Fulvic Acid; Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass-Spectrometric; Lignins and Tannins and Terpenoids and Porphyrins and Lipids; Polysaccharides and Proteins; Black Carbon