摘要:There has been increasing concern that the statistical estimates of the meanwillingness to pay (WTP) for public goods may be biased as the statistical method or surveymechanism (as in Contingent Valuation Method, henceforth, CVM) may fail to consider theeffects of substitute programs. Economic theory posits that when two or more items arecompeting for the same limited resource, an increase in expenditure on one, ceteris paribus,reduces spending on the other. So the WTP for a specific program or good depends on whatsubstitutes or complements exist and are considered for that good. Any valuation program thatneglects the presence/availability of budgetary substitutes and complements leads to a biasedvaluation of the public good in question.