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标题：Incidence of fungals in a vineyard of the denomination of origin ribeiro (Ourense - north-western Spain).
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作者：Maria Fernandez-Gonzalez ; Javier Rodriguez-Rajo ; Victoria Jato 等
期刊名称：Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
印刷版ISSN：1232-1966
电子版ISSN：1898-2263
出版年度：2009
卷号：16
期号：02
页码：263-271
出版社：Institute of Agricultural Medicine in Lublin
摘要：Knowledge about the fungal spores most abundant in the atmosphere of a vine -yard is of great use since it allows development of prediction models of the spore con-centration, and therefore application of phytosanitary treatments only when high levels of fungal propaguls are detected. In this study the concentration of phytopathogenic spores is related with the different phenological stages of the vineyard, and a prediction model developed for each fungal type using meteorological, phenological and spore concentra-tions variables. The study was carried out in a vineyard of the Ribeiro district during the year 2007. For the aerobiological study a volumetric Hirst type trap was used, while phenological observations were carried out on 20 plants of the three varieties monitored (Treixadura, Godello and Loureira) following the phenological scale standardized by the BBCH. Botrytis reached the highest annual total value with 16,145 spores, followed by Plasmopara with 747 spores and Uncinula with 578 spores. In order to forecast the concentration of the phytopathogenic fungal spores, equations of lineal regression were elaborated including as estimators, variables with high correlation coefficient. For Bot-rytis the regression equation explained 42.4% of the variability of spore concentration, 26.1% for Uncinula and 24.7% for Plasmopara
关键词：Botrytis; Uncinula; Plasmopara; aerobiology; grapevine.;Received: 23 March 2009;Accepted: 29 October 2009;Ann Agric Environ Med 2009; 16; 263–271; var currentpos;timer; function initialize() { timer=setInterval("scrollwindow()";10);} function sc(){clearInterval(timer); }function scrollwindow() { currentpos=document.body.scrollTop; window.scroll(0;++currentpos); if (currentpos != document.body.scrollTop) sc();} document.onmousedown=scdocument.ondblclick=initialize264;Fernández-González M; Rodríguez-Rajo FJ; Jato V; Aira MJ;recent years; forecast models providing useful information ;for plant disease management have been proposed in order ;to be used against the most important diseases in the vine-;yard [28; 40; 43; 46; 47]. Different components of the dis-;ease cycles were included in the disease prediction models ;[15]; such as the survival of the pathogen as overwintering ;Plasmopara viticola oospores [48]. Plant disease predic-;tion models; including different aspects of the reproduction ;of the pathogen; such as the rate of inoculums production; ;the influence of meteorological conditions (especially tem-;perature and moisture conditions) on their maturation and ;the time required for that; were fitted also for Plasmopara ;viticola [40; 41; 45; 47; 48] and Uncinula necator [28]. The ;release; transport and survival of the inoculum have also ;taken into account by different authors [40; 41; 45; 47]. Fi-;nally; infection models based on the influence of different ;meteorological parameters (firstly temperature and wet-;ness duration) were developed for Botrytis cinerea [6; 39]; ;Plasmopara viticola [9; 14] and Uncinula necator [10].;Aerobiological studies provide knowledge of the daily ;and hourly airborne spore concentrations present in the ;crop. Some surveys were conducted in an attempt to relate ;the amount of disease at a given time with the airborne ;spores concentration at the same or previous time [30]. ;A significant correlation between aerial conidium concen-;tration at a given date and lesion density one week later of ;most sampling dates was achieved for Botrytis leaf blight ;[11]; especially when both diseases intensity and airborne ;conidia concentration were high. Airborne spore concen-;tration could be used as an indicator of the pathogen de-;velopment; and could be useful when the infection level is ;initially determined by inoculum rather than the weather ;[30]. In these conditions; the monitoring of airborne inocu-;lums integrated with the use of meteorological data [11] ;provides a valuable tool for establishing the basis for an ;accurate; modern; integrated pest-management strategy. ;A certain threshold level of spore concentration could be ;utilized as warning of real disease risk; and from that mo-;ment every favorable meteorological condition for disease ;development could provoke release of the disease [5]. This ;would lead to a lower number of treatments; and thus to a ;reduction in both economic costs and environmental dam-;age [50].;The present study sought to chart airborne spore con-;centrations for the major phytopathogenic fungi in north-;western Spain (Botrytis cinerea Pers.; Uncinula necator ;(Schw.) Burr. and Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & Curt.) ;Berl. & de Toni) in the Ribeiro Origin Denomination area. ;The incidence of these fungi during the various grapevine ;phenological phases and potential correlations with major ;weather-related variables were also assessed. The data ob-;tained were used to develop a predictive model of spore ;concentrations; with a view to optimizing the application ;of fungicide treatments; thus improving grape quality.;MATERIAL AND METHODS;The Ribeiro region of north-western Spain covers a total ;area of 371.4 km;2;. The study was carried out in a vine-;yard at Cenlle (altitude 75–400 m) characterized by fairly ;steep valleys and hillsides. The main grape varieties grown ;are Treixadura; Godello and Loureira. The particular Oce-;anic-Mediterranean transition ecoclimate of this region is ;favoured by its southern situation in Galicia and by the ;natural barriers that protect the territory from sub Atlantic ;storms. According to the Multicriteria Climatic Classifica-;tion System (MCC); most winemaking areas in this region ;watered by the river Mi.o would be defined as temperate ;and warm; sub-humid; with very cold nights [3]. ;Airborne fungal propagule concentrations were deter-;mined using a Lanzoni VPPS 2000 volumetric pollen-;spore trap [26] located inside the vineyard. The sampler ;was placed 2 m above ground level; so that spore trapping ;would not be impeded by plant growth. Sampling was car-;ried out continuously from 1 April–30 September 2007; ;except for the period 10–16 September; when energy prob -;lems prevented monitoring. The Lanzoni sampler is cali-;brated to handle a flow of 10 litres of air per minute; and ;spores are impacted on a cylindrical drum covered by a ;melinex film coated with a 2% silicon solution as trapping ;surface. The drum was changed weekly and the exposed ;tape was cut into seven pieces; which were mounted on ;separate glass slides. Spore identification was performed ;using a NIKON OPTIPHOT II microscope equipped with ;a 40×/0.95 lens. Spore counts were made using the model ;proposed by Aira et al. [1] and Galán et al. [25]; consist-;ing of two continuous longitudinal lines along the 24-hr ;slide. Botrytis and Uncinula conidia and Plasmopara spo-;rangium were identified and counted. For the purposes of ;this study; the generic term "spore"; understood as a repro-;ductive mechanism; was used in all cases. Concentrations ;were expressed as number of spores/m;3;of air. ;In order to know the different levels of spores during ;every phenological phase a phenological study was car-;ried out during the active grapevine season in 2007 (from ;1 April to grape harvest in September); 60 selected plants ;were monitored; 20 of each of the three varieties grown: ;Treixadura; Godello and Loureira. Each plant was ob -;served twice a week to determine growth stage and phase; ;using the scale recommended by Lorenz et al. [35]; adopt-;ed by the BBCH [37] for the phenological observation of ;grapevines. The date of the start was considered as the date ;when 50% of the studied plants were observed in every ;phenological stage. At the same time; the date on which ;fungicide was applied was also noted.;In order to obtain a model reflecting diurnal fluctuations ;in spore counts; we selected days on which spore counts ;were greater than the mean for the sampling period; and in-;cluding the days without rainfall. The resulting days were ;used to calculate mean counts every two hours; thereafter ;expressing the data as percentages.