摘要:This chronicle describes the main steps of the history of MOOCs (Massive Open OnlineCourses), from the launch of MIT OpenCourseWare until January 2013; it focuses on U.S. platforms(Coursera, Udacity and edX). It presents the underlying pedagogical approaches, and more specificallythe distinction between connectivists MOOCs like Itypa (cMOOC) and those oriented towards knowledgetransmission (xMOOC). Some courses are briefly described, including the connectivist MOOC Designinga New Learning Environment from Venture Lab. Finally we talk about general issues such as certificationand business models, and present the rise of a new ecosystem associated with MOOCs.