文章基本信息

标题：Diffusion of Pharmaceuticals: Cross-Country Evidence of Anti-TNF drugs
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作者：Kurt R. Brekke ; Dag Morten Dalen ; Tor Helge Holmås 等
期刊名称：Discussion Papers / Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration
印刷版ISSN：0804-6824
出版年度：2013
卷号：2013
出版社：Bergen
摘要：This paper studies the di¤usion of biopharmaceuticals across European coun- tries, focusing on anti-TNF drugs, which are used to treat autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatism, psoriasis). We use detailed sales information on the three brands Remi- cade, Enbrel and Humira for nine European countries covering the period from the rst launch in 2000 until becoming blockbusters in 2009. Descriptive statistics reveal large variations across countries in per-capita consumption and price levels both overall and at brand level. We explore potential sources for the cross-country consumption di¤er- ences by estimating several multivariate regression models. Our results show that large parts of the cross-country variation are explained by time-invariant country-specic factors (e.g., disease prevalence, demographics, health care system). We also nd that di¤erences in income (GDP per capita) and health spending (share of GDP) explain the cross-country variation in consumption, while relative price di¤erences seem to have limited impact
关键词：Di¤usion; pharmaceuticals; cross-country analysis