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标题：Social Role-Play Games Vs Individual Perceptions of Conservation and PES Agreements for Maintaining Rubber Agroforests in Jambi (Sumatra), Indonesia
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作者：Grace B Villamor ; Meine van Noordwijk
期刊名称：Ecology and Society
印刷版ISSN：1708-3087
电子版ISSN：1708-3087
出版年度：2011
卷号：16
期号：3
出版社：The Resilience Alliance
摘要：Financial incentives can both support and undermine social norms compatible withenvironmental service enhancement. External co-investment—e.g., through incentives from programs toreduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) and eco-certification—needs to synergizewith local efforts by understanding local dynamics and conditions for free and prior informed consent. Weassessed the perceptions and behavior of rubber agroforest farmers under existing conservation agreementsas a step toward institutionalized reward schemes for agro-biodiversity using questionnaires and role-playing games (RPG). To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to apply such a combination of methodsto explore the perceptions of payments for environmental services (PES). Results revealed a strongconservation belief system and social norms in the research site, with indications that individual interestin converting old rubber agroforest to oil palm, with consequent private gain and loss of local social agro-biodiversity benefits, is suppressed in the social context of a role-playing game. In the game, all financialbids by external agents to secure an oil palm foothold in the village, were rejected despite indications ofdeclining income in the village. Agents promoting an eco-certification scheme in the RPG had success andthe responses obtained in the game can assist in the actual rollout of such a scheme without creatingunrealistic expectations of its financial benefits. Co-investment schemes that require higher levels of trustand clarity of performance measures will have to address the potential discrepancy between individualpreferences and community-level planning and decisions, while recognizing that social norms color theresponses of individuals when presented with alternatives
关键词：conservation agreements; payments/rewards for agro-biodiversity conservation; role playing;game; rubber agroforest