文章基本信息

标题：Viruses in Nondisinfected Drinking Water from Municipal Wells and Community Incidence of Acute Gastrointestinal Illness
本地全文：下载
作者：Mark A. Borchardt ; Susan K. Spencer ; Burney A. Kieke, Jr. 等
期刊名称：Environmental Health Perspectives
印刷版ISSN：0091-6765
电子版ISSN：1552-9924
出版年度：2012
卷号：120
期号：9
页码：1272-1279
DOI：10.1289/ehp.1104499
出版社：OCR Subscription Services Inc
摘要：Ba c k g r o u n d: Ground water supplies for drinking water are frequently contaminated with low levels of human enteric virus genomes, yet evidence for waterborne disease transmission is lacking.oB j e c t i v e s: We related quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)–measured enteric viruses in the tap water of 14 Wisconsin communities supplied by nondisinfected ground water to acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) incidence.Me t h o d s: AGI incidence was estimated from health diaries completed weekly by households within each study community during four 12-week periods. Water samples were collected monthly from five to eight households per community. Viruses were measured by qPCR, and infectivity assessed by cell culture. AGI incidence was related to virus measures using Poisson regression with random effects.re s u l t s: Communities and time periods with the highest virus measures had correspondingly high AGI incidence. This association was particularly strong for norovirus genogroup I (NoV-GI) and between adult AGI and entero viruses when echovirus serotypes predominated. At mean concentra-tions of 1 and 0.8 genomic copies/L of NoV-GI and entero viruses, respectively, the AGI incidence rate ratios (i.e., relative risk) increased by 30%. Adenoviruses were common, but tap-water concen-trations were low and not positively associated with AGI. The estimated fraction of AGI attributable to tap-water–borne viruses was between 6% and 22%, depending on the virus exposure–AGI inci-dence model selected, and could have been as high as 63% among children < 5 years of age during the period when NoV-GI was abundant in drinking water. co n c l u s i o n s: The majority of ground water-source public water systems in the United States pro-duce water without disinfection, and our findings suggest that populations served by such systems may be exposed to waterborne viruses and consequent health risks
关键词：acute gastrointestinal illness; drinking water; ground ;water; public health; public water ;system; quantitative microbial risk assessment; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; viruses