文章基本信息

标题：From Foraging to Farming
本地全文：下载
作者：François R. Valla ; Hamoudi Khalaily ; Nicolas Samuelian 等
期刊名称：Bulletin du Centre de Recherche Français de Jérusalem
电子版ISSN：2075-5287
出版年度：2002
卷号：10
页码：71-90
出版社：Centre de Recherche Français de Jérusalem (CRFJ)
摘要：It was probably during the eighteenth century that the idea first emerged in educated circles that farming and animal husbandry have nothing primitive about them. Both followed upon eras when people lived from hunting, fishing and gathering. This interpretation arose from observations of the peoples the Europeans discovered as they explored the planet. It derives from what we call ethnography. The eighteenth century, however, had not theorized the temporal depth of the history of mankind. This is doubtless why a coherent theory of cultural history did not emerge until 1843 with the work of Gustav Klemm, who defined three stages of civilization. The “Stage of Savagery”, characterized by lawless family hordes living from predation, hunting and gathering, was followed by the “Stage of Tameness” (recognition of a coherent law, animal husbandry, farming and writing) and finally by the “Stage of Freedom” (characterized by the fall from power of the priests who had dominated in the previous stage).1