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标题：Incubation and oxidative stress of grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) embryos exposed to different un-ionized ammonia levels
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作者：Yafen Chen ; Hongjie Sun ; Wei Yang 等
期刊名称：Journal of Freshwater Ecology
印刷版ISSN：0270-5060
电子版ISSN：2156-6941
出版年度：2012
卷号：27
期号：1
页码：143-150
DOI：10.1080/02705060.2011.638529
出版社：Taylor & Francis
摘要：The increase in concentration of ammonia in surface water is a critical concern in aquaculture, especially in fish larvae production. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of un-ionized ammonia (NH 3 ) on the development and oxidative stress of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) embryos. The results showed that the rate of embryonic development to hatch was retarded with an increase in NH 3 –N concentration. Hatch rate of grass carp embryos in the control was greater than 90%, whereas the hatch rate in 0.879 mg L −1 of NH 3 –N was less than 70%. Viability of newly hatched larvae (24 h post-hatch) significantly decreased with increasing NH 3 –N concentrations. Viability of newly hatched larvae 24 h post-hatch in the control was 97.8%, whereas in 0.879 mg L −1 of NH 3 –N, the viability was only approximately 40%. This indicates that although embryos can hatch to larvae under high NH 3 –N conditions, the larvae were much less tolerant of NH 3 –N than embryos. NH 3 –N had a significant effect on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, whereas there was no statistically significant difference in catalase and glutathione activity among different NH 3 –N levels. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that there was a statistically significant interaction between NH 3 –N and developmental stage on SOD and MDA. Such changes indicated the presence of oxidative stress when grass carp embryos were exposed in water containing pollutants and SOD plays a key role in removing the free radicals in this case.
关键词：ammonia; toxicological effects; Ctenopharyngodon idella ; embryonic development; oxidative stress; time to 50% hatch