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标题：A Worldwide Pact for Security and Accountability in Fragile ¡°Bottom Billion¡± States
本地全文：下载
作者：PAUL COLLIER
期刊名称：Development Outreach
印刷版ISSN：1020-797X
出版年度：2009
卷号：OCT
出版社：World Bank Institute
摘要：IN THE BOTTOM BILLION, I argued that a group of around sixty, small, low-income countries with a combined population of around a billion people had missed out on global economic development and so had diverged from the rest of mankind. Helping these countries to catch up has become the central challenge of development. Aid is one way in which we can help, but aid alone will be insufficient: a goodmodel for how the rich world can effectively help the countries of the bottombillion is how the United States helped to rebuild Europe after the Second World War. It combined a large aid program, the Marshall Plan, with trade policy, security policy and governance. To help Europe, the U.S. government completely reversed its pre-war protectionist trade policy, opening its markets to European goods and committing itself to openness through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (which has now evolved into the WTO). Similarly, it completely reversed its pre-war security policy of isolationism, stationing over 100,000 U.S. troops in Europe for over 40 years. Finally, it completely reversed its approach to the governance of other countries: before the SecondWorldWar, it had refused even to join the League ofNations, whereas post-war it co-founded the United Nations, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the International Monetary Fund, all institutions formutual support of good governance.