This paper intends to identify theoretical and methodological challenges implied on research with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) cases. Recent empirical and theoretical studies conducted in Brazil and abroad were identified, originated in areas such as Psychology, Psychiatry, Genetics, and Education. Most of the works available does not recognize the disagreements among different theories and criteria to deal with ADHD. Another goal of this paper is to offer a critical review of recent scientific literature as well as a more accurate picture of the empirical studies already published. The theoretical and methodological differences among the studies aware to the execution of new researches, with focus on challenges to the efforts implemented.