摘要:The Problem of the Racial Diversity of the Human Species — The article presents the universal, biological mechanisms of the genesis of race with particular focus on the factors that influence the formation of the adaptive features specific for humans. I discuss the essential historical and modern conceptions of racial topology and examine their validity in the description of pre-historical and modern populations. The controversial problematics of human racial differentiation has always been one of the main interests of both physical and cultural anthropology. In my paper I attempt to illuminate the differences in understanding race by the representatives of the two disciplines. In conclusion I emphasize the actuality and audacity of the slogan: “one race – human race”, that is, the racial diversity of human beings in history.