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标题：Distributional records and potential threats to the Common (Mangrove) Black Hawk (Buteogallus anthracinus subtilis) in southwestern Ecuador
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作者：Juan José Alava ; Miguel Saavedra ; Xavier Arosemena 等
期刊名称：Boletín SAO
印刷版ISSN：0123-9082
出版年度：2011
卷号：20
期号：02
出版社：Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología (SAO)
摘要：We studied the distribution of the Common (Mangrove) Black Hawk Buteogallus anthracinus subtilis in southwestern Ecuador in January 2002 and from 2005 to 2007. We recorded 10 adults and three juveniles in four coastal mangrove areas with different levels of habitat fragmentation, and where red mangrove (Rhyzophora spp.) was the dominant tree species. One of the juveniles was approximately a 30 day old individual at one of the surveyed areas (Manglecito Island, the El Morro Mangroves Wildlife Refuge). Shrimp farming and commercial banana cultivation were identified as the major conservation threats for this population in the long term. Between 1969 and 1999, mangrove deforestation due to shrimp aquaculture and other demographic activities (i.e. agriculture, urban sprawl, timber for coal production) reduced about 25% of the total potential mangrove habitat for this species. Pesticides used in banana plantations close to mangroves might be affecting this species and other raptors in southwestern Ecuador
关键词：Keywords: anthropogenic impact, Gulf of Guayaquil, mangrove forest, pollution, tropical raptors.