A quantitative research on self-efficacy has been reported in recent years. We reviewed these studies under five major topics as follows: studies on phobics, studies on selfcontrol, studies on achievement, field studies and development of self-efficacy scales. Mainly, we pointed out two critical issues concerning the conception of self-efficacy: the first point concerned the uniqueness of the concept, or whether efficacy expectancy could be clearly distinguished from outcome expectancy. The second issue was related to the causal relationship between self-efficacy and behavior. From these two points of view, recent researches were critically reviewed and theoretical issues were discussed.