A bibliography of German Romantic literary criticism and theory in English

David Gorman

What follows is an enumerative bibliography, first, of writings by German Romantic literary critics and theorists available in English translation and, second, of writings (in English) on the German Romantics as critics and theorists of literature.

It is very clear what the focus of any such listing must be: namely, on the work produced during the last decade of the eighteenth century in Jena, where Novalis, Schelling, Schleiermacher, Tieck, and Freidrich and August Wilhelm Schlegel lived for much of the time, and where they were visited by Fichte, Hegel, Holderlin, and Jean Paul, in a configuration culminating in the brilliant if short-lived publication of the Athenaeum (1798-1800). By contrast, it is quite obscure where the borders should be drawn around a listing of this sort, since so much German writing of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is connected, arguably, to Romanticism, and bears upon topics relevant to literary study. As one way of delimiting matters, I have not attempted to list writings on language, literature, or aesthetics by any of the major German Preromantics - i.e., Hamann, Herder, Lessing, Schiller, or Winckelmann. The exception that I had to make here, of course, was for Goethe, who belongs to the age of the Schlegels as much as he does to that of Schiller. Nevertheless, Goethe's huge and varied output brings its own difficulties with it, so that I have had to be highly selective in listing his works, confining myself solely to those writings of his which deal more or less completely and directly with literature and general aesthetics, or which are translated in the main English-language collections. A particular problem in this respect lies in the fact that there are numerous, extended discussions of literary and aesthetic topics running all through Goethe's writing - notably in Wilhelm Meister and Poetry and Truth, but also in his Conversations and elsewhere - none of which is listed here. Another particular problem arising in Goethe's case is that his writings on the visual arts bear upon aesthetic questions, so that I could also have included an (English-language) anthology of his writings such as Goethe on Art, ed. and trans. John Gage (U of California P, 1980), which overlaps with the collections that I do list; but the lack of reference to literary topics in this volume dissuaded me from doing so.

Another limitation that I have imposed on this bibliography for practical reasons has been to separate out the work of philosophers and writers on general aesthetics (even including those by figures such as Fichte and Schelling, who were certainly organic members of the Jena group of Romantics), and to list their writings, along with secondary writings that primarily concern them, in a separate section (Part 3), where the listing is considerably more selective than those in Part 2, which covers writings by and about figures who dealt directly with literature, and which - except in the case of Goethe, in the ways just noted - is intended to be comprehensive. With some hesitation, I have also listed translations of work in hermeneutics (e.g., by Schleiermacher) and philology (e.g., Wolf) in Part 2, as belonging, by virtue of its indisputable influence upon them, to the theoretical and critical work on literature of the Romantics.

GENERAL NOTE

The three parts of this bibliography are subdivided into a total five sections, along with an appendix, as follows:

1. Anthologies

2A. Literary Criticism and Theory: Authors

2B. Literary Criticism and Theory: Commentary

3A. Philosophical and Aesthetic Work: Selections

3B. Philosophical and Aesthetic Work: Selected Commentary

Appendix: Romantic Writings Translated in L'absolu litteraire

Except for section 1, the arrangement of material in the sections following is alphabetical by author and, within an author listing, chronological by date of publication (or first composition), with collections of varying dates preceding, and undated works concluding an author entry where appropriate (mostly in section 2A). In section 1, the arrangement is chronological, as conveying more significance in a listing of collections of German Romantic writings in English translation.

All additions and revisions to information given in the original are bracketed, with the exception that I have used arabic numerals throughout, regularizing roman numerals where necessary. All references in later sections of this bibliography are to works listed in section 1 (where abbreviations for each work are given in boldface), except as indicated.

Any items that I have not been able to see are asterisked.

1. ANTHOLOGIES

Translating Literature: The German Tradition from Luther to Rosenzweig. Ed. Andre Lefevere. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1977. [Lefevere 77]

German Romantic Criticism. Ed. A. Leslie Willson. New York: Continuum, 1982. [Willson]

German Aesthetic and Literary Criticism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 3 vols.:

* Winckelmann, Lessing, Hamann, Herder, Schiller, Goethe. Ed. H. B. Nisbet. 1985. [Nisbet]

* Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Schopenhauer, Hegel. Ed. David Simpson. 1984. [Simpson 84]

* The Romantic Ironists and Goethe. Ed. Kathleen M. Wheeler. 1984. [Wheeler]

Abr.: The Origins of Modern Critical Thought: German Aesthetic and Literary Criticism from Lessing to Hegel. Ed. David Simpson. 1988. [Simpson 88]

Philosophy of German Idealism [: Fichte, Jacobi, Schelling]. Ed. Ernst Behler. New York: Continuum, 1987. [Behler]

The Hermeneutics Reader: Texts of the German Tradition from the Enlightenment to the Present. Ed. Kurt Mueller-Vollmer. New York: Continuum, 1989. [Mueller-Vollmer]

The Hermeneutic Tradition: From Ast to Ricoeur. Ed. Gayle L. Ormiston and Alan D. Schrift. Albany: SUNY, 1990. [Ormiston/Schrift]

Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook. Ed. Andre Lefevere. London: Routledge, 1992. [Lefevere 92]

2A. LITERARY CRITICISM AND THEORY: AUTHORS

This listing is intended to be complete, except for one kind of omission. A characteristic of Romantic belief about literature and literary criticism is that no sharp distinction should be drawn between the two activities. Consistent with this belief, most of the Romantics who wrote about literature also produced literary work, and in both cases there was an attempt to blur the two elements: that is to say, Romantic critical and theoretical writings typically have a creative, stylized, or otherwise literary quality (the fragments of Novalis and Friedrich Schlegel serving as a clear example of this), while their literary writings frequently have a self-reflexive, critical and theoretical cast to them (with Goethe's Wilhelm Meister, of course, setting the example and starting the fashion for this kind of thing during the period, though the ultimate ancestor here is doubtless Sterne).

Therefore I should perhaps have opened this section to creative as well as critical/scholarly work, particularly to such self-conscious novels and romances as Holderlin's Hyperion (1797-1799), Novalis's Novices at Sais (1798) and Heinrich von Ofterdingen (1799-1800), F. Schlegel's Lucinde (1799), Tieck's Franz Sternbald's Wanderings (1798), and W. H. Wackenroder's Outpourings of an Art-Loving Friar (1797), as well as many works of indeterminate genre by the prolific Jean Paul. However, since this possibility threatened to make the listing hopelessly uncircumscribed, I have not attempted to realize it. The one exception I have made here - as being unavoidable - is in the case of Kleist's "On the Marionette Theater" and one other short piece of hi s (going by the suggested criterion, however, I could have listed many of Kleist's tales).

FRIEDRICH AST (1778-1841)

"Hermeneutics" 1808. Trans. Dora Van Vranken. Ormiston/Schrift 39-56. Sections 69-93 of Grundlinien der Grammatik: Hermeneutik und Kritik.

[PHILIP] AUGUST BOECKH (1785-1867)

On Interpretation and Criticism. To 1865; pub. 1877; revised ed., 1886. Ed. and trans. [of first two parts] John Paul Pritchard. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1968. Three extracts ("Formal Theory of Philology," "Theory of Hermeneutics," "Theory of Criticism") rpt. Mueller-Voellmer 132-47.

JOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOETHE (1749-1832)

Literary Essays: A Selection in English. Ed. J. E. Spingarn. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1921; rpt. New York: Ungar, 1964; rpt. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries, 1967.

Essays on Art and Literature. Ed. John Geary. Trans. Ellen yon Nardoff and Ernest H. von Nardoff. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1994. Goethe's Collected Works, vol. 3.

"From Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship." 1796. Trans. Thomas Carlyle. Edinburgh, 1824. Extracts in Wheeler: "Hamlet Analysis" [two extracts], "On the Novel and Drama." 231-36. Last two rpt. Simpson 88: 279-83.

"Winckelmann." 1805. Trans. H. B. Nisbet. Nisbet 233[6]-58. Sels. ["Antiquity," "Paganism," "Friendship," "Beauty"] in Simpson 88: 284-88.

Also trans.: "Winckelmann and His Age." Geary [see above] 99-121.

"Aphorisms on Art and Art History." [N.d.] Trans. Joyce Crick. Wheeler 226-31.

Extracts on translation (various dates). Trans. Andre Lefevere. Lefevere 77: 35-39. Sel. rpt., revised Lefevere 92: 24-25.

JOSEPH GORRES (1776-1835)

"The German Chapbooks." [1807.] Trans. [portion only] Ralph R. Read III. Willson 162-74.

JAKOB GRIMM (1785-1863)

"Fidelity and Freedom." 1847. Trans. Andre Lefevere. Lefevere 77: 95.

"On the Origin of Language." 1851. Trans. Ralph R. Read III. Willson 257-92.

FRIEDRICH HOLDERLIN (1770-1843)

Essays and Letters on Theory. Ed. and trans. Thomas Pfau. Albany: SUNY, 1988. Incl.:

* "On the Law of Freedom." By 1794. 33-34.

* "On the Concept of Punishment." 1795. 35-36.

* "Judgment and Being." C. 1795. 37-38.

* "The Perspective from which We Have to Look at Antiquity." By 1799. 9-40.

* "On the Different Forms of Poetic Composition." By 1799. 41-44.

* "Reflection." 1799. 45-48.

* "'The Sages, however,....'" 1799. 49.

* "The Ground for 'Empedocles.'" 1799. 50-61.

* "On the Operations of the Poetic Spirit." 1800. 62-82.

Also trans. Ralph R. Read III: "On the Process of the Poetic Mind." Willson 219-37.

* "On the Difference of Poetic Modes." 1800. 83-88.

* "The Significance of Tragedies." C. 1802. 89.

* "On Religion." N.d. 90-95.

* "Becoming in Dissolution." 1800. 96-100.

* "Remarks on 'Oedipus.'" 1803. 101-08.

* "Remarks on 'Antigone.'" 1803. 109-16.

Last two items also trans. Jeremy Adler: "On Tragedy: 'Notes on the Oedipus' and 'Notes on the Antigone.'" Comparative Criticism 5 (1983): 205[31]-44.

* Selected letters (1791-1802). 119-53.

* "The Oldest System-Program of German Idealism." [See section 3A, below, under Author Unknown].

WILHELM VON HUMBOLDT (1767-1835)

Humanist without Portfolio: An Anthology of the Writings of Wilhelm von Humboldt. Trans. Marianne Cowan. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1963. Material excerpted from various sources (incl. correspondence). See esp. sections on "Man in the Realm of Spirit" and "Man's Intrinsic Humanity: His Language." 145-298.

"On the Imagination." 1799. Trans. Ralph R. Read III. Willson 134-61.

"A Theory of Translation." 1816. Trans. Andre Lefevere. Lefevere 77: 40-45; rpt. Lefevere 92: 135-41.

"On the Task of the Historian." 1821. Trans. Linda Gail DeMichiel. Mueller-Vollmer 105-18.

Linguistic Variability and Intellectual Development. 1836. Trans. George C. Buck and Frithjof A. Raven. Coral Gables: U of Miami P, 1971. Extract ("The Nature and Conformation of Language") rpt. Mueller-Voellmer 99-105.

Also trans. Peter Heath: On Language: The Diversity of Human Language-Structure and Its Influence on the Mental Development of Mankind. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1988. Trans. of Part I of Uber die Kaswisprache auf der Insel Java [On the Kawi Language on the Island of Java].

HEINRICH VON KLEIST (1777-1811)

"On the Marionette Theater." 1810. Trans. Christian-Albrecht Gollub. Willson 238-44.

Also trans. David Paisley: "On Puppet-Shows." Comparative Criticism 14 (1992): 141-46.

"Improbable Veracities." 1811. Trans. Carol Jacobs. Diacritics 9.4 (1979): 45-46. Rpt. Uncontainable Romanticism: Shelley, Bronte, Kleist. By Jacobs. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1989. 197-200.

ADAM MULLER (1779-1829)

Twelve Lectures on Rhetoric. 1812. Trans. Dennis R. Bormann and Elisabeth Leinfeller. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1978. 113-255.

Lecture 7: "On German Language and Writing." Willson 245-56.

NOVALIS [FRIEDRICH VON HARDENBERG] (1772-1801)

Note: Translations in Willson by Alexander Gelley; translations in Wheeler by Joyce Crick.

Miscellaneous Remarks. [1797.] Trans. Alexander Gelley. New Literary History 22 (1991): 383-406.

Sel.: "From Miscellaneous Writings." Wheeler 84-92.

"Selected Aphorisms." 1798, posthumous. Hymns to the Night and Other Selected Writings. Trans. Charles E. Passage. Indianapolis: Liberal Arts, 1960. 65-72.

"On Goethe." 1798. Wheeler 102-08.

"Dialogues." 1798. Willson [first two of five] 77-82. Wheeler [all] 93-102.

"Monologue." [C. 1798.] Willson 82-83. Wheeler 92-93; rpt. Simpson 88:271[3]-74.

"Studies in the Visual Arts." 1799. Wheeler 108-11.

"Aphorisms and Fragments." 1797-1799. Willson 62-83.

Extracts on translation. Trans Andre Lefevere. Lefevere 77: 64-65.

JEAN PAUL [JEAN PAUL FRIEDRICH RICHTER] (1763-1825)

School for Aesthetics. 1804; revised 1813.

Trans. Margaret R. Hale: Horn of Oberon: Jean Paul Richter's School for Aesthetics. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1973. Course 15 ("Fragment on the German Language") abr.

Extracts in Willson 31-61:

* Course 1: "On Poetry in General" [[sections]1-5];

* Course 5: "On Romantic Poetry" [[sections]21-25]. Extracts in Wheeler 161[2]-201; part. rpt. Simpson 88: 291[3]-316:

* [from Course 2:] "On the Poetic Faculties" [[sections]6-10 (7 abr.)];

* [from Course 3:] "On Genius" [[sections]11-15 (13 abr., 14 omit.)];

* [from Course 7:] "On Humorous Poetry" [[sections]31-35 (32, 34 abr.; incl. abrs. of [sections]45, 50)];

* [from Course 9:] "On Wit" [[sections]42-51 (51 abr.)];

* [from Course 13:] "On the Novel" [[sections]69-71].

"Preschool of Aesthetics." 1825. Jean Paul: A Reader. Ed. Timothy J. Casey. Trans. Erika Casey. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1992. Extracts: 241[4]-68.

AUGUST WILHELM SCHLEGEL (1767-1845)

Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. 1808.

Trans. John Black: A Course of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London, 1815. Revised A. J. W. Morrison. London, 1846; rpt. New York: AMS, 1965.

Extracts rpt. Literary Criticism: Pope to Croce. Ed. Gay Wilson Allen and Harry Hayden Clark. 1941; rpt. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1962. 172[4]-84. From lectures 1, 2, 5 (two extracts), 17, and 30.

Extracts rpt. Wheeler 205[6]-21; rpt. Simpson 88:251[3]-69:

* [1:] "Ancient and Modern, Classical and Romantic" (abr.) [= 17-29];

* [from 24:] "Shakespeare's Irony" [= 368-71];

* [from 25:] "Shakespeare" [= 404-07];

* [from 30:] "Goethe and Schiller" [= 518-21].

Extracts on Shakespeare rpt. in The Romantics on Shakespeare. Ed. Jonathan Bate. London: Penguin, 1992. 88-110. From lectures 22-23 (abr.): [= 345-78].

Sels. [lectures 1, 2, 7, 37 (not in Black/Morrison trans.)] trans. Ralph R. Read III. Willson 175-218.

Extracts on translation (various items: 1795-1828). Trans. Andre Lefevere. Lefevere 77: 46[7]-57. Sel. rpt., revised Lefevere 92: 17, 30-32, 54-56, 66-67, 78-80.

FRIEDRICH SCHLEGEL (1772-1829)

Note: The abbreviations indicated in boldface for the collections in the first subsection below are used - along with abbreviations given in section 1 - for the translations listed in the second subsection, which thus provides a reference-guide to the availability in English of F. Schlegel's writings on literature from the Jena period.

Dialogue on Poetry and Literary Aphorisms. Ed. Ernst Behler and Roman Struc. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1968. [B/S]

Lucinde and the Fragments. Trans. Peter Firchow. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1971 [F71]. Part rpt. Philosophical Fragments. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1991. [F91]

Critical Fragments [pub. in Lyceum]. 1797. F71: 143-59; sel. ("From 'Critical Fragments'") rpt. Wheeler 40-44; sel. (of Wheeler sel.) rpt. Simpson 88: 188-91; (all) rpt. F91: 1-16.

Also trans. ("Selected Aphorisms from the Lyceum") B/S 121-32; sel. rpt. Willson 111-20.

"From Blutenstaub" 1798. F71: 160; rpt. F91: 17.

Athenaeum Fragments. 1798. F71: 161-240; sel. ("From 'Athenaum Fragments'") rpt. Wheeler 44-54; sel. (of Wheeler sel.) rpt. Simpson 88: 192-96; (all) rpt. F91: 18-93.

Also trans. ("Selected Aphorisms from the Athenaeum") B/S 133-48; sel. rpt. Willson 120-33.

"On Goethe's Meister." 1798. Trans. Joyce Crick. Wheeler 59-73; three extracts rpt. Simpson 88: 200-03.

Dialogue on Poetry. 1799-1800. B/S 51-117; sels. ("Epochs of Literature," "Talk on Mythology," "Letter about the Novel") rpt. Willson 84-110; sel. ("Letter about the Novel": 1799) rpt. Wheeler 73-80; three extracts rpt. Simpson 88: 204-06.

"On Incomprehensibility." 1800. F71: 257-71; rpt. Wheeler 32-40; rpt. Simpson 88: 179-87.

Ideas. 1800. F71: 241-56; sel. ("From 'Ideas'") rpt. Wheeler 54-59; sel. (of Wheeler sel.) rpt. Simpson 88: 197-99; rpt. (all) F91: 94-109.

Also trans. ("Selected Ideas") B/S 149-60.

Lectures on the History of Literature, Ancient and Modern. 1812, pub. 1815. Trans. anon. Edinburgh, 1841; revised ed., London, 1859; Philadelphia, 1867 (ed. John Frost).

Extracts in Literary Criticism: Pope to Croce. Ed. Gay Wilson Allen and Harry Hayden Clark. 1941; rpt. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1962. 185[7]-97. From lectures 1 (two extracts), 7, 12 (three extracts), 16.

[Lectures on t]he Philosophy of Life and [Lectures on the] Philosophy of Language. 1827, 1828-1829. Trans. A. J. W. Morrison. London, 1847.

The Aesthetic and Miscellaneous Works of Frederick von Schlegel. Trans. E. J. Millington. London, 1860.(*)

Extracts on translation (various items: 1796-1800). Trans. Andre Lefevere. Lefevere 77: 58-63.

FRIEDRICH D. E. SCHLEIERMACHER (1768-1834)

"On the Different Methods of Translating." 1813. Trans. Andre Lefevere. Lefevere 77: 66[7]-89; rpt. ["On the Different Methods of Translation"] Willson 1-30. Extracts rpt. (revised) Lefevere 92: 141-66.

Hermeneutics: The Handwritten Manuscripts. [Various items: 1805-1833.] Ed. Heinz Kimmerle. 1959. Trans. [with additions] James Duke and Jack Forstman. Missoula, MT: Scholars, 1977. Parts 1 and 2 rpt. Mueller-Vollmer 72[3]-97.

Parts also trans. Jan Wojcik and Roland Haas:

* "The Aphorisms on Hermeneutics from 1805, and 1809-10." Cultural Hermeneutics 4 (1977): 367-90(*); rpt. Ormiston/Schrift 57-84;

* "The Hermeneutics: Outline of the 1819 Lectures." New Literary History 10 (1978-1979): 1-16; rpt. Ormiston/Schrift 85-100.

KARL SOLGER (1780-1819)

"From Erwin, or Four Dialogues on Beauty and Art." 1816. Trans. Joyce Crick. Wheeler 128[9]-50 [five sections: "On the Symbol," "On Humour," "On Wit (1)," "On Wit (2)," "On Irony"]; rpt. Simpson 88:319[21]-28 ["On the Symbol" only].

Correspondence with Tieck. See Tieck, below.

LUDWIG TIECK (1773-1853)

Tieck and Solger: The Complete Correspondence. Ed. Percy Matenko. New York: Westermann, 1933.

Extracts trans. Mark Ogden: "Tieck-Solger Correspondence" (five letters of 1818-1819). Wheeler 153[4]-58.

"From the preface to Wilhelm Lovell." 1793-1796. Wheeler 122-23.

"'Final Conclusion' to Puss-in-Boots." 1797; revised 1812. Wheeler 123-24.

"From the preface to Kaiser Octavius." 1804. Wheeler 121-22.

"From 'The Old English Theatre.'" 1811. Wheeler 119-21.

"From 'Goethe and His Time.'" 1828. Wheeler 118-19.

"Tony - A Drama in Three Acts, by Th. Korner." [N.d.] Wheeler 116-18.

FRIEDRICH AUGUST WOLF (1759-1824)

Prolegomena to Homer. 1795. Trans. Anthony Grafton, Glenn W. Most, and J. E. G. Zetzel. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1985.

2B. LITERARY CRITICISM AND THEORY: COMMENTARY

I have attempted to be thorough in this section, aside from omitting a very few older periodical articles, along with reviews, dissertations, and encyclopedia and guidebook entries. Regarding the latter I have particularly regretted the omission of several valuable entries in the recent Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism, ed. Michael Groden and Martin Kreiswirth (1994), particularly those by Tilottama Rajan on "Hermeneutics: Nineteenth Century" (375-79), Steven Gillies on "German Theory and Criticism: Romanticism" (340-45), and Angela Esterhammer on "Friedrich Holderlin" (392-94). I also regret the omission of a number of major works concerned with Romantic literary theory generally, but only marginally concerned with German Romantic theory in particular - most obvious here being M. H. Abrams's The Mirror and the Lamp (1953) and Natural Supernaturalism (1971), but also much of the work of Paul de Man (who is selectively represented below, however) and, more recently, of such successors of de Man' s as Tilottama Rajan - especially her Dark Interpreter (1980).

Alford, Steven E. Irony and the Logic of the Romantic Imagination. New York: Lang, 1984.

Bahti, Timothy. "Fate in the Past: Peter Szondi's Reading of German Romantic Genre Theory." Boundary 2 11 (1983): 111-25. Discussion [trans. Paula Pavlovich]. 127-37.

-----. Allegories of History: Literary Historiography after Hegel. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1992.

Barnard, Philip, and Cheryl Lester. Translators' Introduction: "The Presentation of Romantic Literature." Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe and Jean-Luc Nancy, The Literary Absolute [this section: 1988]. vii-xx, 129-30.

Barrack, Charles M. "Conscience in Heinrich von Ofterdingen: Novalis' Metaphysics of the Poet." Germanic Review 46 (1971): 257-84.

Behler, Ernst. Foreword. Willson [1982] vii-xiii.

-----. "Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre and the Poetic Unity of the Novel in Early German Romanticism." Goethe's Narrative Fiction. Ed. William J. Lillyman. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1983. 110-27.

-----. "The Theory of Irony in German Romanticism." Ed. Garber. [1988] 43-81.

-----. German Romantic Literary Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993.

-----, and Roman Struc. Introduction. Friedrich Schlegel, Dialogue on Poetry and Literary Aphorisms [section 2A, above: 1969]. 1-47.

Berman, Antoine. The Experience of the Foreign: Culture and Translation in Romantic Germany. 1984. Trans. S. Heyvaert. Albany: SUNY, 1992.

Birzniks, Paul. "Jean Paul's Early Theory of Poetic Communication." Germanic Review 41 (1966): 186-201.

Blanchot, Maurice. "The Athenaeum." 1964. Trans. Deborah Esch and Ian Balfour. Studies in Romanticism 22 (1983): 163-72. Also in The Infinite Conversation (1969). By Blanchot. Trans. Susan Hanson. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1993. Part 3, ch. 11: 351-59, 461.

Brown, Marshall. The Shape of German Romanticism. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1979.

Brown, Roger L. Wilhelm von Humboldt's Conception of Linguistic Relativity. The Hague: Mouton, 1967.

Cowan, Marianne. Introduction. Wilhelm von Humboldt, Humanist without Portfolio [section 2A, above: 1963]. 1-25.

Curtius, E. R. Essays on European Literature. 1950; revised ed., 1954. Trans. Michael Kowal. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1973.

* Ch. 3. "Goethe as Critic." 1948. 27-57.

* Ch. 6. "Friedrich Schlegel and France." 1932. 92-106.

De Man, Paul. "The Rhetoric of Temporality." 1969. Rpt. in Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism. By de Man. 2nd ed. [only]. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1983. 187-228.

-----. The Rhetoric of Romanticism. New York: Columbia UP, 1984. Esp. ch. 10: "Aesthetic Formalization: Kleist's Uber das Marionettentheater." 263-90, 313-14.

Dieckmann, Liselott. "The Metaphor of Hieroglyphics in German Romanticism." Comparative Literature 7 (1955): 306-12.

-----. "Friedrich Schlegel and the Romantic Concepts of the Symbol." Germanic Review 34 (1959): 276-83.

Dilthey, Wilhelm. "The Schleiermacher Biography" (three excerpts). 1870. Trans. H. P. Rickman. Selected Writings. By Dilthey. Ed. Rickman. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1976. 35[7]-77.

-----. "The Rise of Hermeneutics." 1900. Trans. Fredric Jameson. New Literary History 3 (1971-1972): 229[30]-44; rpt. Ormiston/Schrift 101-14. Also trans. H. P. Rickman: "The Development of Hermeneutics." Selected Writings. By Dilthey. Ed. Rickman. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1976. 246[7]-63.

Dolezel, Lubomir. Occidental Poetics: Tradition and Progress. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1990. Ch. 3: "Romantic Poetics: The Morphological Model." 53-77, 186-91. On Goethe and Von Humboldt.

Duke, James. Introduction: "Schleiermacher: On Hermeneutics." F. D. E. Schleiermacher, Hermeneutics: The Handwritten Manuscripts [section 2A, above: 1977]. 1-15, 235-37.

Dyck, Martin. Novalis and Mathematics: A Study of Friedrich von Hardenberg's Fragments on Mathematics and Its Relation to Magic, Music, Religion, Philosophy, Language, and Literature. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1960. Rpt. New York: AMS, 1969.

Eichner, Hans. "Friedrich Schlegel's Theory of Romantic Poetry." PMLA 71 (1956): 1018-41.

-----. Friedrich Schlegel. New York: Twayne, 1970.

Engell, James. The Creative Imagination: Enlightenment to Romanticism. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1981.

Ewton, Ralph W., Jr. The Literary Theories of August Wilhelm Schlegel. The Hague: Mouton, 1972.

Firchow, Peter. Introduction. Friedrich Schlegel, Lucinde and the Fragments [section 2A, above: 1971]. 3-39.

Forstman, Jack. A Romantic Triangle: Schleiermacher and Early German Romanticism. Missoula, MT: Scholars, 1977.

Frank, Manfred. "The Text and Its Style: Schleiermacher's Hermeneutic Language." Trans. Richard Hannah and Michael Hays. Boundary 2 11 (1983): 11-28.

Frei, Hans W. The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative: A Study in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Hermeneutics. New Haven: Yale UP, 1974. Esp. chs. 15, 16: 282-324, 341-47.

Garber, Frederick. "Coda: Ironies, Domestic and Cosmopolitan." Ed. Garber [1988]. 358-81.

-----, ed. Romantic Irony. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 1988.

Gasche, Rodolphe. Foreword: "Ideality in Fragmentation." Friedrich Schlegel, Philosophical Fragments [section 2A, above: 1991]. vii-xxxii.

Genette, Gerard. The Architext: An Introduction. 1977, 1979. Trans. Jane E. Lewin. Berkeley: U of California P, 1992. See sections VI, VII: 36-58.

Hale, Margaret R. "Introduction: The Horn of Oberon" [section 2A, above, under Jean Paul, School for Aesthetics: 1973]. xvii-lx, 316-24.

Handwerk, Gary. Irony and Ethics in Narrative: From Schlegel to Lacan. New Haven: Yale UP, 1985.

Hannah, Richard W. The Fichtean Dynamic of Novalis' Poetics. Bern: Lang, 1981.

Heine, Heinrich. "The Romantic School." 1833. Trans. Helen Mustard in Selected Works of Heinrich Heine. Ed. Mustard. New York: Random House, 1973. 129-273. Trans rpt. in The Romantic School and Other Essays. Ed. Jost Hermand and Robert C. Holub. New York: Continuum, 1985. 1-127.

Immerwahr, Raymond. "German Romanticism and the Unity of the Romantic Imagination." On Romanticism and the Art of Translation: Studies in Honor of Edwin Hermann Zeydel. Ed. Gottfried F. Merkel. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1956. 69-81.

-----. "Friedrich Schlegel's Essay 'On Goethe's Meister.'" Monatsheft 49 (1957); 1-21.

-----. "Classicist Values in the Critical Thought of Friedrich Schlegel." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 79 (1980): 376-89.

-----. "The Practice of Irony in Early German Romanticism." Ed. Garber [1988]. 82-96.

Jacobs, Carol. "The Style of Kleist." Diacritics 9.4 (1979): 47-61. Rpt. Uncontainable Romanticism: Shelley, Bronte, Kleist. By Jacobs. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1989. 171-96, 225-27.

Kimmerle, Heinz. Introduction. F. D. E. Schleiermacher, Hermeneutics: The Handwritten Manuscripts [section 2A, above: 1959]. 21-40, 237-39.

-----. Afterword. F. D. E. Schleiermacher, Hermeneutics: The Handwritten Manuscripts [section 2A, above: 1968]. 229-34, 251-52.

Kipperman, Mark. Beyond Enchantment: German Idealism and English Romantic Poetry. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1986.

Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe. Typography: Mimesis, Philosophy, Politics. Ed. Christopher Fynsk. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1989.

* Ch. 3: "The Caesura of the Speculative." 1978. Trans. Robert Eisenhauer [pub. in Glyph 4 (1978): 57-84], revised Fynsk. 208-35.

* Ch. 4: "Holderlin and the Greeks." 1979. Trans. Judi Olson. 236-47.

-----. "Sublime Truth." [Section 3B, below: 1988.]

-----, and Jean-Luc Nancy. The Literary Absolute: The Theory of Literature in German Romanticism. Trans. Philip Barnard and Cheryl Lester. Albany: SUNY, 1988. Revised, abr. (see Appendix).

Lange, Victor. "Friedrich Schlegel's Literary Criticism." Comparative Literature 7 (1955): 289-305.

Matenko, Percy. Introduction. Tieck and Solger: The Complete Correspondence [section 2A, above, under Tieck: 1933]. 1-74.

McGann, Jerome J. The Romantic Ideology: A Critical Investigation. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1983.

Molnar, Geza von. Novalis' "Fichte Studies": The Foundations of His Aesthetics. The Hague: Mouton, 1970.

-----. Romantic Vision, Ethical Context: Novalis and Artistic Autonomy. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1987.

Mueller, G. E. "Solger's Aesthetics - A Key to Hegel (Irony and Dialectic)." Corona: Studies in Celebration of the Eightieth Birthday of Samuel Singer. Ed. Arnold Schirokauer and Wolfgang Paulsen. Durham: Duke UP, 1941; rpt. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries, 1968. 212-27.

Mueller-Vollmer, Kurt. "From Poetics to Linguistics: Wilhelm von Humboldt and the Romantic Idea of Language." Le Groupe de Coppet: Actes et documents du deuxieme Colloque de Coppet, 1974. Ed. Jean Daniel Cadaux and Simone Balaye. Geneva: Slatkine, 1977. 195-215(*)

Neubauer, John. Novalis. Boston: Twayne, 1979.

Nisbet, H. B. Introduction. Nisbet [1985] 1-28, 259-61.

Novak, Richey A. Wilhelm von Humboldt as a Literary Critic. Bern: Lang, 1972.(*)

O'Brien, William Arctander. Novalis: Signs of Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1994.

Orsini, G. N. G. Coleridge and German Idealism: A Study in the History of Philosophy, with Unpublished Materials from Coleridge's Manuscripts. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1969.

Pfau, Thomas. Critical Introduction. Friedrich Holderlin, Essays and Letters on Theory [section 2A, above: 1988]. 1-29, 157-65.

Pfefferkorn, Kristin. Novalis: A Romantic's Theory of Language and Poetry. New Haven: Yale UP, 1988.

Pickar, Gertrude B. "Elements of the Enlightenment in Novalis' Poetics." Rice University Studies 55 (1969): 185-95.(*)

Ray, William. "Suspended in a Mirror: Language and Self in Kleist's 'Uber das Marionettentheater.'" Studies in Romanticism 18 (1979): 521-46.

Riasanovsky, Nicholas A. The Emergence of Romanticism. New York: Oxford UP, 1992.

Schaber, Steven C. "Novalis' Theory of the Work of Art as Hieroglyph." Germanic Review 48 (1973): 35-43.

Schulte-Sasse, Jochen. "The Concept of Literary Criticism in German Romanticism, 1795-1810." Trans. (enl.) Schulte-Sasse. A History of German Literary Criticism, 1730-1980. Ed. Peter Uwe Hohendahl. 1985. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1988. 99-177, 449-54.

-----. "Do We Need a Revival of Transcendental Philosophy?" Foreword to Molnar 1987 [this section]. xv-xxv, 205.

Seyhan, Azade. Representation and Its Discontents: The Critical Legacy of German Romanticism. Berkeley: U of California P, 1992.

Simpson, David. Introduction. Simpson 84: 1-24, 249-50.

-----. Introduction. Simpson 88: 1-22.

-----. Foreword. F. W. J. Schelling, The Philosophy of Art [section 3A, below: 1989]. ix-xxiv, 285-86.

Sychrava, Juliet. Schiller to Derrida: Idealism in Aesthetics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1989.

Szondi, Peter. On Textual Understanding and Other Essays. Trans. Harvey Mendelsohn. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1986.

* Ch. 3: "The Notion of the Tragic in Schelling, Holderlin, and Hegel." 1961. 43-55, 188-92.

* Ch. 4: "Friedrich Schlegel and Romantic Irony, with Some Remarks on Tieck's Comedies." 1954. 57-73, 192-98.

* Ch. 5: "Friedrich Schlegel's Theory of Poetical Genres: A Reconstruction from the Posthumous Fragments." 1966-1970. 75-94, 198-202.

* Ch. 6: "Schleiermacher's Hermeneutics Today." 1970. 95-113, 202-06.

-----. "Holderlin's Overcoming of Classicism." 1964. Trans. Timothy Bahti. Comparative Criticism 5 (1983): 251-70.

Thalmann, Marianne. The Literary Sign Language of German Romanticism. 1967. Trans. Harold A. Basilius. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1972.

Todorov, Tzvetan. Theories of the Symbol. 1977. Trans. Catherine Porter. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1982. Ch. 6: "The Romantic Crisis." 147-221, 295-97.

-----. Symbolism and Interpretation. 1978. Trans. Catherine Porter. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1982. Esp. second ch. ("Philological Exegesis") of Part II. 131-62.

Wellek, Rene. A History of Modern Criticism, 1750-1950, Vol. 2: The Romantic Age. New Haven: Yale UP, 1955. Esp. chs.:

* 1: "Friedrich Schlegel," 5-35, 343-54;

* 2: "August Wilhelm Schlegel," 36-73, 354-66;

* 3: "The Early Romantics in Germany," 74-109, 366-80;

* 11: "The Younger German Romantics," 279-97, 421-27;

* 12: "The German Philosophers," 298-334, 427-38.

Wheeler, Kathleen M. Introduction. Wheeler [1984] 1-27.

Willson, A. Leslie. Introduction. Willson [1982] xv-xix.

Wimsatt, William K., Jr., and Cleanth Brooks. Literary Criticism: A Short History. New York: Vintage, 1957; rpt. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1978. Ch. 17: "German Ideas." 363-83.

3A. PHILOSOPHICAL AND AESTHETIC WORK: SELECTIONS

What follows is a highly selective listing of translations of German philosophical works that may be considered influential upon, or otherwise directly connected to, German Romantic criticism of and theorizing about literature. Among the largest omissions that I might note are those of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781), Fichte's Science of Knowledge (1794, with additions and revisions to 1802), and Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) - not to mention the omission of any writings whatsoever by Schopenhauer, or by later German inheritors of Idealist philosophy down to Walter Benjamin in the present century. Much more, suffice it to say, might have been added to the works listed below, and anyone consulting this section should bear that point in mind.

JOHANN GOTTLIEB FICHTE (1762-1814)

"Some Lectures Concerning the Scholar's Vocation." 1794. Trans. [fifth lecture omitted] Daniel Breazeale. Behler 1-38. Compl. Breazeale trans. in Fichte: Early Philosophical Writings [below] 144-84.

"On the Spirit and the Letter in Philosophy." [1795; pub. 1800.] Trans. Elizabeth Rubenstein. Simpson 84: 74[5]-93.

Fichte: Early Philosophical Writings. [1794-1799.] Ed. and trans. Daniel Breazeale. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1988.

The Vocation of Man. 1800. Trans. Peter Preuss. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1987.

Also trans. William Smith. 1848. Rpt. LaSalle: Open Court, 1906, 1931, 1965. Trans. ed. Roderick M. Chisholm. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1956. Foreword rpt. Simpson 84: 94-95.

"On the Nature of the Scholar, and His Manifestations in the Sphere of Freedom." 1805. Trans. William Smith. [1845.] Revised David Simpson. Sels. [lectures 3, 8, 9 (abr.), 10] in Simpson 84:96[7]-113; rpt. [9 (abr.) and 10 only] Simpson 88: 208[13]-19.

GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL (1724-1804)

Hegel on Tragedy. Ed. and trans. Anne and Henry Paolucci. Garden City, NY: Anchor, 1962. Material drawn from various sources (Aesthetics, Phenomenology, etc.).

The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's System of Philosophy. 1801. Trans. H. S. Harris and Walter Cerf. Albany: SUNY, 1977.

"On Classical Studies." 1809. Trans. Robert Kroner. Simpson 84: 201-05.

Hegel's Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine An. 1823-1829; pub. 1835-1838, rev. ed., 1842-1843. Trans. [from rev. ed.] T. M. Knox. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1975. Extracts [from Introduction and ch. III; = 30-55, 602-11, 959-70] in Simpson 84: 206-41; rpt. Simpson 88: 353[9]-96. Introduction [only] rpt. in Hegel's Introduction to Aesthetics, with An Interpretive Essay by Charles Karelis. Oxford: Clarendon, 1979.

Also trans. F. P. B. Osmaston [from orig. ed.]: The Philosophy of Fine Art. 4 vols. London: Bell, 1920.

Also trans. [Introduction only] Bernard Bosanquet: The Introduction to Hegel's Philosophy of Fine Art. London, 1886; rpt. 1905. Rpt. with intro. and commentary by Michael Inwood: Introductory Lectures on Aesthetics. London: Penguin, 1993.

Also trans. [abr.] Henry Paolucci [from 1842 ed.]: Hegel on the Arts. New York: Ungar, 1979.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime. 1763. Trans. John T. Goldthwaite. Berkeley: U of California P, 1960; rpt. 1981.

First Introduction to the Critique of Judgment. 1789. Trans. James Haden. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965.(*)

Also trans. in Pluhar [below]: "First Introduction to the Critique of Judgment." 383-441.

Critique of Judgment. 1790. Trans. Werner S. Pluhar. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1987.

Also trans. J. H. Bernard: Critique of Judgement. 1892; 2nd ed., rev., 1914; rpt. New York: Hafner, 1951, 1974.

Also trans. James Creed Meredith: Part I [Critique of Aesthetic Judgement], Oxford: Clarendon, 1911; Part II [Critique of Teleological Judgement], 1928. Rpt. one vol.: The Critique of Judgement, Oxford: Clarendon, 1952. Extracts [[sections] 2, 5-9 (5, 8 abr.), 17 (abr.), 18, General Remark (abr.), 23, 26 (abr.), 27, 28 (abr.), 29 (abr.), 40 (abr.), 42 (abr.), 49 (abr.), 50 (abr.), 53, 65 (abr.), 83 (abr.)] in Simpson 84: 35[7]-67; rpt. Simpson 88: 85[91]-123. Extracts [Preface to the First Edition, Introduction, [sections] 1-29, 46-50, 55-57, 59] rpt. in Philosophical Writings. By Kant. Ed. Ernst Behler. New York: Continuum, 1986. 127[9]-246.

Analytic of the Beautiful. Trans. Walter Cerf. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963.(*)

FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH VON SCHELLING (1775-1854)

The Unconditional in Human Knowlege: Four Early Essays (1794-1796). Trans. Fritz Marti. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell UP, 1980.

Idealism and the Endgame of Theory: Three Essays by F. W. J. Schelling. Ed. and trans. Thomas Pfau. Albany: SUNY, 1994.

* "Treatise Explicatory of the Idealism of The Science of Knowledge." 1797. 61[2]-138.

* "System of Philosophy in General and of the Philosophy of Nature in Particular." 1804; pub. posth. 139[40]-94.

* "Stuttgart Seminars." 1810; pub. posth. 195[6]-243.

System of Transcendental Idealism (1800). Trans. Peter Heath. Charlottesville: U of Virginia P, 1978.

Portions trans. Albert Hofstadter. Philosophies of Art and Beauty: Selected Readings in Aesthetics from Plato to Heidegger. Ed. Hofstadter and Richard Kuhns. New York: Random House, 1964; rpt. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1964. 344[7]-77. Rpt. [Conclusion, section 6: "Deduction of a Universal Organ of Philosophy, or Main Propositions of the Philosophy of Art According to Principles of Transcendental Idealism" only; = Hofstadter and Kuhns 362-77] Simpson 84: 119-32; rpt. [part 3 and "General Observation" only] Simpson 88: 225[6]-31. Rpt. Behler 203-16.

The Philosophy of Art. 1802-1805; pub. 1859. Ed. and trans. Douglas W. Stott. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1989.

Sel. ["On Modern Dramatic Poetry"] trans. Elizabeth Rubenstein. Simpson 84: 133-39; rpt. Simpson 88: 232-38.

Sel. ["On Dante in Relation to Philosophy"] 1803. Trans. Elizabeth Rubenstein and David Simpson. Simpson 84: 140-48; rpt. Simpson 88: 239-47.

On University Studies. 1803. Trans. E[lla] S. Morgan [1877-1881]. Trans. ed., revised Norbert Guterman. Athens: Ohio UP, 1966.

"Concerning the Relation of the Plastic Arts to Nature." 1807. Trans. Michael Bullock. The True Voice of Feeling: Studies in English Romantic Poetry. Ed. Herbert Read. New York: Pantheon, 1953; rpt. London: Faber and Faber, 1968; rpt. New York, AMS, 1978. 321-64. Rpt. (abr.) Simpson 84: 149-58.

AUTHOR UNKNOWN (HEGEL, HOLDERLIN, OR SCHELLING)

"The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism." C. 1796; pub. 1917. Trans. Diana I. Behler [author given as anon.]. Behler 161-63.

Also trans. H. S. Harris [as by Hegel]: "Earliest System-Programme of German Idealism." Hegel's Development: Toward the Sunlight, 1770-1801. By Harris. Oxford: Clarendon, 1972. 510-12.

Also trans. Thomas Pfau [as by Holderlin]: "The Oldest System-Program of German Idealism." Friedrich Holderlin, Essays and Letters on Theory [section 2A, above]. 154-56.

Also trans. Norbert Guterman [as by Schelling]. In his Introduction to F. W. J. Schelling, On University Studies [this section, under Schelling, and section 3B, below, under Guterman]. xi-xiv.

3B. PHILOSOPHICAL AND AESTHETIC WORK: SELECTED COMMENTARY

The listing in this section is even more selective than in the preceding pair, limited - with few exceptions - in two drastic ways. First, I have confined myself almost entirely to books on those philosophers' works that were skimmed so barely in section 3A. Further, I have limited myself to secondary work of a specifically literary, aesthetic, or cultural orientation. This has meant omitting such significant, much-cited general studies as Charles Taylor's Hegel (Cambridge UP, 1975), despite the fact that it includes discussions of, for instance, Hegel's aesthetics; and likewise it has meant omitting studies as influential on literary theorists as many of those that Jacques Derrida has devoted to Hegel, most notably his monumental Glas (1974; trans. U of Nebraska P, 1986), as not strictly concerned with Hegel's treatment of literature or the arts. In general, my aim in this section has just been to provide a preliminary orientation to the vast secondary literature in English on the philosophy of German Idealism.

Ashton, Rosemary. The German Idea: Four English Writers and the Reception of German Thought, 1800-1860. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1980.

Beiser, Frederick C., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Hegel. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993.

Behler, Ernst. Introduction. Behler [1987] vii-xix.

Bowie, Andrew. Aesthetics and Subjectivity: From Kant to Nietzsche. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1990.(*)

-----. Schelling and Modern European Philosophy: An Introduction. London: Routledge, 1993.

Bradley, A. C. "Hegel's Theory of Tragedy." 1950. Rpt. Hegel on Tragedy [section 3A, above]. 367-88.

Breazeale, Daniel. "English Translations of Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel: An Annotated Bibliography." Idealistic Studies 6 (1976): 279-97.

-----. Bibliography. In Fichte: Historical Contexts/Contemporary Controversies. Ed. Breazeale and Tom Rockmore. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities, 1994. 235-63.

Bungay, Stephen. Beauty and Truth: A Study of Hegel's Aesthetics. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1984.

Cassirer, H. W. A Commentary on Kant's Critique of Judgement. London: Methuen, 1938; rpt. 1970.

Cohen, Ted, and Paul Guyer, eds. Essays in Kant's Aesthetics. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1982.

Coleman, Francis X. J. The Harmony of Reason: A Study in Kant's Aesthetics. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1974.

Crawford, Donald A. Kant's Aesthetic Theory. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1974.

Crowther, Paul. The Kantian Sublime: From Morality to Art. Oxford: Clarendon, 1989.

Derrida, Jacques. "Economimesis." 1975. Trans. Richard Klein. Diacritics 11.2 (1981): 3-25.

-----. "Parergon." Truth in Painting. By Derrida. 1978. Trans. Geoff Bennington and Ian McLeod. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987. 15-147.

Desmond, William. Art and the Absolute: A Study of Hegel's Aesthetics. Albany: SUNY, 1986.

Fackenheim, Emil L. "Schelling's Philosophy of the Literary Arts." Philosophical Quarterly 4 (1954): 310-26.

Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Truth and Method. 1960; 2nd ed., revised and enl., 1965; 5th [final] ed., revised and enl., 1986. Trans. [W. Glen-Doepel,] ed. Garrett Barden and John Cumming [from 2nd ed.]. New York: Seabury, 1975. Trans. revised Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall [from 5th ed.]. New York: Continuum, 1993. Esp. II.1.1: "The Questionableness of Romantic Hermeneutics and Its Application to the Study of History." 173-218.

Gasche, Rodolphe. The Tain of the Mirror: Derrida and the Philosophy of Reflection. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1986. Part One: "Toward the Limits of Reflection." 11-105, 321-28.

Gibbons, Sarah L. Kant's Theory of Imagination: Bridging Gaps in Judgement and Experience. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.

Guyer, Paul. Kant and the Claims of Taste. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1979.

-----, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992.

Harris, H. S. Hegel's Development: Toward the Sunlight, 1770-1801. Oxford: Clarendon, 1972. Ch. 3, Appendix: "On the 'Earliest System-Programme of German Idealism.'" 249-57.

Hirsch, E. D., Jr. Wordsworth and Schelling: A Typological Study of Romanticism. New Haven: Yale UP, 1960.

Inwood, Michael. Introduction. G. W. F. Hegel, Introductory Lectures on Aesthetics [section 3A, above: 1993]. ix-xxxvi.

Kaminsky, Jack. Hegel on Art: An Interpretation of Hegel's Aesthetics. Albany: SUNY, 1962; rpt. 1970.

Karelis, Charles. "Hegel's Concept of Art: An Interpretive Essay." Hegel's Introduction to Aesthetics [section 3A, above: 1979]. xi-lxxvi.

Kemal, Salim. Kant and Fine Art: An Essay on Kant and the Philosophy of Fine Art and Culture. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986.

Knox, Israel. The Aesthetic Theories of Kant, Hegel, and Schopenhauer. New York: Columbia UP, 1936; rpt. New York: Humanities, 1958.

Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe. "Sublime Truth." Of the Sublime: Presence in Question. 1988. Trans. Jeffrey S. Librett. Albany: SUNY, 1993. 71-108, 228-34.

Lyotard, Jean-Francois. Lessons on the Analyic of the Sublime. 1991. Trans. Elizabeth Rottenberg. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1994. English Subtitle: (Kant's Critique of Judgment [sections] 23-29).

Makkreel, Rudolf A. Imagination and Interpretation in Kant: The Hermeneutical Import of the Critique of Judgment. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1990.

McCloskey, Mary A. Kant's Aesthetic. Albany: SUNY, 1987.

Nauen, Franz Gabriel. Revolution, Idealism and Human Freedom: Schelling[,] Holderlin[,] and Hegel and the Crisis of Early German Idealism. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1971.

Paolucci, Anne, and Henry Paolucci. Introduction. Hegel on Tragedy [section 3A, above: 1962]. xi-xxxi.

Paolucci, Henry. Introduction. Hegel on the Arts [section 3A, above: 1979]. vii-xxi.

Pfau, Thomas. Critical Introduction. Idealism and the Endgame of Theory: Three Essays by F. W. J. Schelling. Ed. and trans. Pfau. Albany: SUNY, 1994. 1-57.

See also Appendix: "Excursus: Schelling in the Work of S. T. Coleridge." 269-78.

Sallis, John. Spacings - of Reason and Imagination in Texts of Kant, Fichte, and Hegel. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987.

Savile, Anthony. Kantian Aesthetics Pursued. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1993.

Schaper, Eva. Studies in Kant's Aesthetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1979.

-----. "Taste, Sublimity, and Genius: The Aesthetics of Nature and Art." Guyer, ed. [this section: 1992] 367-93.

Seidel, George J. Activity and Ground: Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel. Hildesheim/New York: Olms, 1976.

-----. "Creativity in the Aesthetics of Schelling." Idealistic Studies 4 (1974): 170-80.

Stael, [Madame] Germaine de. De l'Allemagne. 1810.

Trans. anon.: Germany. London, 1813. Ed. and revised O. W. Wright, 1887.(*) Portions trans. Vivian Folkenflik. An Extraordinary Woman: Selected Writings of Germaine de Stael. Ed. Folkenflik. New York: Columbia UP, 1987. Rpt. ed. [n.d.]: Major Writings of Germaine de Stael. 292-324. Sections 1.1, 1.3, 2.7, 2.11, 3.6. 3.18, 3.19, 4.11.

Steinkraus, Warren E., and Kenneth I. Schmitz, eds. Art and Logic in Hegel's Philosophy. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities, 1980.

Stott, Douglas W. Translator's Introduction. F. W. J. Schelling, The Philosophy of Art [section 3A, above: 1989]. xxvii-lv, 286-89.

Uehling, Theodore E., Jr. The Notion of Form in Kant's Critique of Aesthetic Judgment. The Hague: Mouton, 1971.

Wellek, Rene. Immanuel Kant in England, 1793-1838. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1931.

-----. A History of Modern Criticism. Vol. 2 [section 2B, above: 1955]. Ch. 12.

-----. "Aesthetics and Criticism." The Philosophy of Kant and Our Modern World. Ed. Charles W. Hendel. New York: Liberal Arts, 1957. 65-89. Rpt. Discriminations: Further Concepts of Criticism. By Wellek. New Haven: Yale UP, 1970: "Immanuel Kant's Aesthetics and Criticism." 122-42.

-----. "German and English Romanticism: A Confrontation." 1963. Confrontations: Studies in Intellectual and Literary Relations between Germany, England, and the United States during the Nineteenth Century. By Wellek. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1965. 3-33.

-----. Foreword. Immanuel Kant, Philosophical Writings. Ed. Ernst Behler. New York: Continuum, 1986. vii-xiii.

Wicks, Robert. "Hegel's Aesthetics: An Overview." Beiser [this section: 1993] 348-77.

Williams, Robert R. Recognition: Fichte and Hegel on the Other. Albany: SUNY, 1992.

Zammito, John H. The Genesis of Kant's Critique of Judgment. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1992.

APPENDIX: ROMANTIC WRITINGS TRANSLATED IN L'ABSOLU LITTERAIRE

The collaborative study by Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe and Jean-Luc Nancy, L'absolu litteraire: Theorie de la litterature du romantisme allemand (Paris: Seuil, 1978), was probably - along with some of Paul de Man's writings - the major provocation for the renewal of interest on the part of contemporary critical theorists in German Romantic literary theory. As such, Philip Barnard and Cheryl Lester's translation of it (as The Literary Absolute [section 2B, above]) makes an important contribution to current theory.

The original French volume, however, also amounted to an anthology of French translations of major Romantic writings, including as it did French versions - made by Lacoue-Labarthe and Nancy in collaboration with Anne-Marie Lang - of some dozen works (by Novalis, Schelling, the Schlegel brothers, etc.), filling well over half of the French volume. The English translation of The Literary Absolute, therefore, represents an abridgement, since it includes only the six chapters of analysis by Lacoue-Labarthe and Nancy. This was a reasonable choice on the part of the translators, if only because many (though not all) of the German works translated for the French volume already exist in modern English versions. Barnard and Lester indicate this in the "Note on the Text" prefatory to their translation, remarking as well that "Nancy and Lacoue-Labarthe have slightly modified the present version of their [book] to omit references to the translations excluded here" (xxi).

Nevertheless, it would still have been helpful if the English translators had included a list of Romantic works accompanying the analytical chapters in the French original, and therefore I have supplied one here. Used in conjunction with the preceding bibliography (especially section 2A), it also constitutes a finding-list of English translations of the material chiefly utilized by Lacoue-Labarthe and Nancy in their influential study. (Note: asterisks indicate that no English translation of the work in question is known to me.)

"Overture":

* [Author unknown] "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism";

1. "The Fragment":

* Friedrich Schlegel, Critical [Lyceum] Fragments;

* [Friedrich Schlegel, with A. W. Schlegel, Novalis, and Schleiermacher] Athenaeum Fragments;

2. "The Idea":

* Friedrich Schlegel, Ideas;

* Friedrich Schlegel, "About Philosophy: To Dorothea" [1799](*);

* F. W. J. Schelling, "Heinz Widerpost's Epicurean Confession of Faith" [poem: 1799](*);

3. "The Poem":

* Friedrich Schlegel, Dialogue on Poetry;

* A. W. Schlegel, Lectures on Art and Literature [extracts only: from 8 (abr.), 23, 24, and 25 (abr.): 1801-1804; pub. 1884](*);

4. "Criticism":

* F. W. J. Schelling, Introduction to The Philosophy of Art [= 9-19];

* Friedrich Schlegel, "The Essence of Criticism" [?](*);

"Closure":

* Friedrich Schlegel, "The Athenaeum" [sonnet: 1800](*);

* Novalis, "Dialogues" [first two of five].

David Gorman is assistant professor of English at Northern Illinois University and the book review editor of Style. He has published articles on the history and theory of literary criticism and scholarship in a number of collections and journals.

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