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标题：Rethinking Reef Island Stability in Relation to Anthropogenic Sea Level Rise
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作者：Haunani H. Kane ; Charles H. Fletcher
期刊名称：Earth's Future
电子版ISSN：2328-4277
出版年度：2020
卷号：8
期号：10
页码：1-14
DOI：10.1029/2020EF001525
出版社：John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
摘要：Unprecedented rates of anthropogenic sea level rise (ASLR) and attendant wave‐driven flooding and salinization threaten the stability (and habitability) of atoll islands. Thus, there is doubt regarding the continued existence of sovereign atoll nations and unique, place‐based indigenous atoll cultures. Evidence that some atoll islands may have originally formed in the latter stages of post‐glacial sea level rise (SLR) has been interpreted to mean they will persist under accelerating ASLR. These forecasts are at odds with interpretations that atoll islands will succumb to rising seas. To shed light on conflicting models of island stability, we develop a multitemporal island vulnerability assessment (MIVA) to anticipate island instability and apply it in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) where there is a history of previous research. Using evidence from geological and historical records of island response to changing late Holocene sea level and modern tide, wave, and groundwater observations, we identify thresholds where islands pass from stable to unstable phases due to projected local, relative ASLR. Under the most likely scenario (intermediate‐high) where ASLR reaches 1.91 m by 2100, island stability deteriorates by midcentury as historical rates of SLR at RMI increase threefold, and temporary flood events deteriorate potable groundwater and agroforests. In the second half of the century, as ASLR exceeds geological sea level thresholds, permanent island instability will be inevitable with no action. We conclude that these islands are already trending into declining stability due to ASLR as documented by published observations of extreme tides, wave inundation, salinization, and sediment mobilization. Plain Language Abstract Atoll islands are low‐elevation accumulations of sand and gravel with thin aquifers and productive agroforests. Researchers disagree on whether atoll islands will be stable and habitable as sea level rises. We designed a method that integrates fossil data recording the origin and evolution of these islands, changes in island size from historical photographs, and modern observations of impacts from extreme tide and wave events, to define thresholds and time frames where islands transition from stable to unstable. We consider a range of future sea level rise scenarios and find that in all cases, islands experience rapid decreases in stability by midcentury. In the most likely scenario, the rate of sea level rise will triple and groundwater sources will be permanently lost, within only a few decades. Under an extreme scenario, islands will be fully unstable, the rate of sea level rise will triple, and community infrastructure will be at intolerable levels of risk as regional sea level exceeds 1 m by the year 2060. We urge that adaptation strategies be implemented now, that they incorporate both natural and engineered forms of resiliency, and that they be grounded on the principle that resilient islands also sustain the cultural identity of island people.
关键词：sea level rise;Holocene;coastal vulnerability;atoll;Republic of the Marshall Islands;reef island