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标题：Variability and Bias in Measurements of Metals Mass Fractions in Automobile Shredder Residue
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作者：Amund N. Løvik ; Renato Figi , Claudia Schreiner ; Matthias Rösslein , Rolf Widmer , Rainer Bunge , Thomas Pohl , Nathalie Korf 等
期刊名称：Recycling
电子版ISSN：2313-4321
出版年度：2019
卷号：4
期号：3
页码：34-52
DOI：10.3390/recycling4030034
出版社：MDPI Publishing
摘要：The treatment of end-of-life vehicles generates large amounts of automobile shredder residue (ASR), a potential source of recycled metals. Reliable measurement methods are required to determine the composition of ASR and evaluate the resource potential. We reported on research undertaken to investigate bias and variability in the process of measuring trace metals in ASR. Two primary samples of shredder light fraction (SLF) underwent extensive physical sample preparation and chemical analysis. The samples were spiked to control random variations and systematic effects during physical sample preparation. Chemical analysis was conducted using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRF), a fully validated wet-chemical analysis, and a wet-chemical analysis representing an “in-house” lab procedure. Physical sample preparation introduced deviations up to a factor of 2, likely due to preferential losses and heterogeneity. Deviations for WD-XRF measurements of elements were in the range +100%/−50%. In-house chemical analysis produced results that were in good agreement with validated results for Al, Fe and Sn, but led to biased results or high variability for Cd, Dy, La, Nd, Pb, Pd, Pt and Sb. To improve the chemical analysis of trace metals in SLF, we recommended reducing particle size to less than 0.1 mm before chemical analysis and using a larger number of repeated digestions.
关键词：automobile shredder residue; sample preparation; chemical analysis; critical raw materials; recycling; urban mining automobile shredder residue ; sample preparation ; chemical analysis ; critical raw materials ; recycling ; urban mining