文章基本信息

标题：Can $p$-values be meaningfully interpreted without random sampling?
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作者：Norbert Hirschauer ; Sven Grüner ; Oliver Mußhoff 等
期刊名称：Statistics Surveys
印刷版ISSN：1935-7516
出版年度：2020
卷号：14
页码：71-91
DOI：10.1214/20-SS129
出版社：Statistics Surveys
摘要：Besides the inferential errors that abound in the interpretation of $p$-values, the probabilistic pre-conditions (i.e. random sampling or equivalent) for using them at all are not often met by observational studies in the social sciences. This paper systematizes different sampling designs and discusses the restrictive requirements of data collection that are the indispensable prerequisite for using $p$-values..
关键词：Sampling design; propensity scores; $p$;values; random sampling; selection bias; inference