摘要:This study examines the extent to which participation in global value chains (GVCs) enabled countries to specialize
their exports by using a panel of 91 economies categorized into high, middle, and low-income groups from 1995 to
2017. Both the forward and backward linkages in GVCs are considered. By employing the cross-sectional augmented
Im–Pesaran–Shin panel unit root test, we found that the variables are nonstationary across the income groups. The
findings from the Westerlund cointegration test supports the long-run association between GVCs and export
concentration for all the income groups. The long-run elasticities obtained using the dynamic ordinary least squares
method provided mixed results for the various income groups. Moreover, the results derived using the Dumitrescu–
Hurlin panel causality test provides evidence of mixed outcomes.