文章基本信息

标题：Counting Homomorphisms Modulo a Prime Number
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作者：Amirhossein Kazeminia ; Andrei A. Bulatov
期刊名称：LIPIcs : Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics
电子版ISSN：1868-8969
出版年度：2019
卷号：138
页码：1-13
DOI：10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2019.59
出版社：Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik
摘要：Counting problems in general and counting graph homomorphisms in particular have numerous applications in combinatorics, computer science, statistical physics, and elsewhere. One of the most well studied problems in this area is #GraphHom(H) - the problem of finding the number of homomorphisms from a given graph G to the graph H. Not only the complexity of this basic problem is known, but also of its many variants for digraphs, more general relational structures, graphs with weights, and others. In this paper we consider a modification of #GraphHom(H), the #_{p}GraphHom(H) problem, p a prime number: Given a graph G, find the number of homomorphisms from G to H modulo p. In a series of papers Faben and Jerrum, and Göbel et al. determined the complexity of #_{2}GraphHom(H) in the case H (or, in fact, a certain graph derived from H) is square-free, that is, does not contain a 4-cycle. Also, Göbel et al. found the complexity of #_{p}GraphHom(H) when H is a tree for an arbitrary prime p. Here we extend the above result to show that the #_{p}GraphHom(H) problem is #_{p}P-hard whenever the derived graph associated with H is square-free and is not a star, which completely classifies the complexity of #_{p}GraphHom(H) for square-free graphs H.
关键词：graph homomorphism; modular counting; computational hardness