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标题：Horizontal gene transfer allowed the emergence of broad host range entomopathogens
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作者：Qiangqiang Zhang ; Xiaoxuan Chen ; Chuan Xu 等
期刊名称：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
印刷版ISSN：0027-8424
电子版ISSN：1091-6490
出版年度：2019
卷号：116
期号：16
页码：7982-7989
DOI：10.1073/pnas.1816430116
出版社：The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
摘要：The emergence of new pathogenic fungi has profoundly impacted global biota, but the underlying mechanisms behind host shifts remain largely unknown. The endophytic insect pathogen Metarhizium robertsii evolved from fungi that were plant associates, and entomopathogenicity is a more recently acquired adaptation. Here we report that the broad host-range entomopathogen M. robertsii has 18 genes that are derived via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The necessity of degrading insect cuticle served as a major selective pressure to retain these genes, as 12 are up-regulated during penetration; 6 were confirmed to have a role in penetration, and their collective actions are indispensable for infection. Two lipid-carrier genes are involved in utilizing epicuticular lipids, and a third (MrNPC2a) facilitates hemocoel colonization. Three proteases degraded the procuticular protein matrix, which facilitated up-regulation of other cuticle-degrading enzymes. The three lipid carriers and one of the proteases are present in all analyzed Metarhizium species and are essential for entomopathogenicity. Acquisition of another protease (MAA_01413) in an ancestor of broad host-range lineages contributed to their host-range expansion, as heterologous expression in the locust specialist Metarhizium acridum enabled it to kill caterpillars. Our work reveals that HGT was a key mechanism in the emergence of entomopathogenicity in Metarhizium from a plant-associated ancestor and in subsequent host-range expansion by some Metarhizium lineages.
关键词：Metarhizium ; entomopathogenic fungi ; HGT ; pathogenic fungi emergence ; fungal virulence evolution