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标题：Differences in the hydrological cycle and sensitivity between multiscale modeling frameworks with and without a higher‐order turbulence closure
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作者：Kuan‐Man Xu ; Zhujun Li ; Anning Cheng 等
期刊名称：Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
电子版ISSN：1942-2466
出版年度：2017
卷号：9
期号：5
页码：2120-2137
DOI：10.1002/2017MS000970
出版社：John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
摘要：Current conventional global climate models (GCMs) produce a weak increase in global‐mean precipitation with anthropogenic warming in comparison with the lower tropospheric moisture increases. The motive of this study is to understand the differences in the hydrological sensitivity between two multiscale modeling frameworks (MMFs) that arise from the different treatments of turbulence and low clouds in order to aid to the understanding of the model spread among conventional GCMs. We compare the hydrological sensitivity and its energetic constraint from MMFs with (SPCAM‐IPHOC) or without (SPCAM) an advanced higher‐order turbulence closure. SPCAM‐IPHOC simulates higher global hydrological sensitivity for the slow response but lower sensitivity for the fast response than SPCAM. Their differences are comparable to the spreads of conventional GCMs. The higher sensitivity in SPCAM‐IPHOC is associated with the higher ratio of the changes in latent heating to those in net atmospheric radiative cooling, which is further related to a stronger decrease in the Bowen ratio with warming than in SPCAM. The higher sensitivity of cloud radiative cooling resulting from the lack of low clouds in SPCAM is another major factor in contributing to the lower precipitation sensitivity. The two MMFs differ greatly in the hydrological sensitivity over the tropical lands, where the simulated sensitivity of surface sensible heat fluxes to surface warming and CO 2 increase in SPCAM‐IPHOC is weaker than in SPCAM. The difference in divergences of dry static energy flux simulated by the two MMFs also contributes to the difference in land precipitation sensitivity between the two models.
关键词：MMF;hydrological sensitivity;energetic constraint;low clouds;precipitation change;higher‐order turbulence closure