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标题：Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing
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作者：Stephen G. Osborn ; Avner Vengosh ; Nathaniel R. Warner 等
期刊名称：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
印刷版ISSN：0027-8424
电子版ISSN：1091-6490
出版年度：2011
卷号：108
期号：20
页码：8172-8176
DOI：10.1073/pnas.1100682108
语种：English
出版社：The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
摘要：Directional drilling and hydraulic-fracturing technologies are dramatically increasing natural-gas extraction. In aquifers overlying the Marcellus and Utica shale formations of northeastern Pennsylvania and upstate New York, we document systematic evidence for methane contamination of drinking water associated with shale-gas extraction. In active gas-extraction areas (one or more gas wells within 1 km), average and maximum methane concentrations in drinking-water wells increased with proximity to the nearest gas well and were 19.2 and 64 mg CH4 L-1 (n = 26), a potential explosion hazard; in contrast, dissolved methane samples in neighboring nonextraction sites (no gas wells within 1 km) within similar geologic formations and hydrogeologic regimes averaged only 1.1 mg L-1 (P < 0.05; n = 34). Average{delta} 13C-CH4 values of dissolved methane in shallow groundwater were significantly less negative for active than for nonactive sites (-37 {+/-} 7{per thousand} and -54 {+/-} 11{per thousand
关键词：groundwater ; organic-rich shale ; isotopes ; formation waters ; water chemistry