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标题：Fossil traces of the bone-eating worm Osedax in early Oligocene whale bones
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作者：Steffen Kiel ; James L. Goedert ; Wolf-Achim Kahl 等
期刊名称：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
印刷版ISSN：0027-8424
电子版ISSN：1091-6490
出版年度：2010
卷号：107
期号：19
页码：8656-8659
DOI：10.1073/pnas.1002014107
语种：English
出版社：The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
摘要：Osedax is a recently discovered group of siboglinid annelids that consume bones on the seafloor and whose evolutionary origins have been linked with Cretaceous marine reptiles or to the post-Cretaceous rise of whales. Here we present whale bones from early Oligocene bathyal sediments exposed in Washington State, which show traces similar to those made by Osedax today. The geologic age of these trace fossils ([~]30 million years) coincides with the first major radiation of whales, consistent with the hypothesis of an evolutionary link between Osedax and its main food source, although older fossils should certainly be studied. Osedax has been destroying bones for most of the evolutionary history of whales and the possible significance of this "Osedax effect" in relation to the quality and quantity of their fossils is only now recognized.
关键词：annelids ; deep sea ; fossil record ; symbiosis