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标题：Impact of wild herbivorous mammals and birds on the altitudinal and northern treeline ecotones
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作者：Friedrich-Karl Holtmeier
期刊名称：Landscape Online
印刷版ISSN：1865-1542
出版年度：2017
页码：1-28
出版社：International Association for Landscape Ecology, Chapter Germany
摘要：Wild herbivorous mammals may damage treeline vegetation an cause soil erosion at a local scale. In many high mountain areas of Europe and North America, large numbers of red deer have become a threat to the maintenance of high-elevation forests and attempts to restore the climatic treeline. In northern Fennoscandia, overgrazing by reindeer in combination with mass outbreaks of the …