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标题：An oligotrophic deep-subsurface community dependent on syntrophy is dominated by sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrifiers
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作者：Maggie C. Y. Lau ; Thomas L. Kieft ; Olukayode Kuloyo 等
期刊名称：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
印刷版ISSN：0027-8424
电子版ISSN：1091-6490
出版年度：2016
卷号：113
期号：49
页码：E7927-E7936
DOI：10.1073/pnas.1612244113
语种：English
出版社：The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
摘要：SignificanceMicroorganisms are known to live in the deep subsurface, kilometers below the photic zone, but the community-wide metabolic networks and trophic structures (the organization of their energy and nutritional hierarchy) remain poorly understood. We show that an active subsurface lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystem (SLiME) under oligotrophic condition exists. Taxonomically and metabolically diverse microorganisms are supported, with sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrifiers predominating in the community. Denitrification is a highly active process in the deep subsurface that evaded recognition in the past. This study highlights the critical role of metabolic cooperation, via syntrophy between subsurface microbial groups, for the survival of the whole community under the oligotrophic conditions that dominate in the subsurface. Subsurface lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystems (SLiMEs) under oligotrophic conditions are typically supported by H2. Methanogens and sulfate reducers, and the respective energy processes, are thought to be the dominant players and have been the research foci. Recent investigations showed that, in some deep, fluid-filled fractures in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa, methanogens contribute <5% of the total DNA and appear to produce sufficient CH4 to support the rest of the diverse community. This paradoxical situation reflects our lack of knowledge about the in situ metabolic diversity and the overall ecological trophic structure of SLiMEs. Here, we show the active metabolic processes and interactions in one of these communities by combining metatranscriptomic assemblies, metaproteomic and stable isotopic data, and thermodynamic modeling. Dominating the active community are four autotrophic {beta}-proteobacterial genera that are capable of oxidizing sulfur by denitrification, a process that was previously unnoticed in the deep subsurface. They co-occur with sulfate reducers, anaerobic methane oxidizers, and methanogens, which each comprise <5% of the total community. Syntrophic interactions between these microbial groups remove thermodynamic bottlenecks and enable diverse metabolic reactions to occur under the oligotrophic conditions that dominate in the subsurface. The dominance of sulfur oxidizers is explained by the availability of electron donors and acceptors to these microorganisms and the ability of sulfur-oxidizing denitrifiers to gain energy through concomitant S and H2 oxidation. We demonstrate that SLiMEs support taxonomically and metabolically diverse microorganisms, which, through developing syntrophic partnerships, overcome thermodynamic barriers imposed by the environmental conditions in the deep subsurface.
关键词：active subsurface environment ; metabolic interactions ; sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrifiers ; syntrophy ; inverted biomass pyramid