Robert Penn Warren: a bibliographical survey, 1986-1993.

Eller, Jonathan R. ; Smith, C. Jason

During a 1985 interview commemorating his eightieth birthday, Robert Penn Warren was quickly challenged for a definition of time. The response was vintage Warren - he promptly substituted a better way of asking the question:

An old question I encountered first in conversation with a professor of medieval literature. He said, "What is 'now'? What does 'now' mean? 'Now' is all that is passing. Have you felt a 'now'?" He was quoting a passage from St. Augustine, from The Confessions. (Vitale, "Conversation," p. 5)

In preparing this survey to cover the secondary scholarship on Warren since 1985, we felt the passing of the "now" with great intensity, for these seven brief years document Warren's culminating honor of the Poet Laureateship, the sad occasion of his own passing, and the tributes, reminiscences, and reassessments that inevitably follow the transition of proven genius into history.

Indeed, Warren's history is deeply intertwined with the fabric of America in this century. He lived all but fifteen of these hundred years, and his passing greatly diminished the nation's living literary legacy. Prizes provide a benchmark of sorts. With Warren's death, only one Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist-John Hersey - remained from the period before 1948, when the "Novels" prize category was broadened to "Fiction." Surprisingly, only three Pulitzer poets (Gwendolyn Brooks, Richard Wilbur, and Stanley Kunitz) remain from the 1950s, the time of Warren's first poetry Pulitzer. And the more recent loss of Albert Erskine and Cleanth Brooks reminds us of Warren's pivotal position among those few who both shaped and chronicled modern American literature at mid-century. But time's arrow has also fashioned a fourth generation of scholars who now write on Warren's creative and critical achievements, and it is to the work of these scholars and their mentors that we now attend.

As James A. Grimshaw observes, the critical record of the early 1980s revealed a strong new interest in the autobiographical elements of Warren's later work, a shifting critical focus from Warren's fiction to his poetry, and the beginning of a trend to read Warren within a larger cultural context (Grimshaw, "Biographical Trends," pp. 51-52). The critical record of the last seven years confirms a continued strong interest in Warren's life as expressed in his work, but more and more the biographical criticism focuses on Warren's lifelong pursuit of truth and turns to a broad range of surviving biographical materials to illuminate his search for self-knowledge. The earlier trickle of cultural criticism has become a stream, revealing much about Warren's search for philosophical and historical truths about America. Given Warren's great final period of achievement in poetry, it is not surprising that the earlier trend toward a study of Warren's poetry has led to a strong interest in the late poems as well as an impulse to trace the developing stages of Warren's poetry over his entire lifetime. In this essay we have tried to highlight much of the work within these categories and to provide a list of the publications on Warren appearing since 1985.

Primary Publications: An Overview

Warren's own publishing events of this period serve as preamble to the survey of secondary work. Four book titles by Warren have appeared since 1985, beginning with the reminiscent Portrait of a Father (Southern Review, 23.1 (1987), rpt. University Press of Kentucky, 1988), and the privately printed Six Poems (Newton, Iowa: Tamazumchale, 1987), which gathers six of Warren's previously published nature poems. A Robert Penn Warren Reader (Random House, 1987; Vintage, 1988) and New and Selected Essays (Random House, 1989), both conceived and edited by the late Albert Erskine, provided a much-needed longer view of Warren's career just as that career came to a close. New and Selected Essays includes eight of Warren's most famous critical pieces, and, although five of the essays are first collected here, none are new. In addition to these titles, the Southern Quarterly published posthumously "The Dream of a Driller" and "Munk," two early short stories from Warren's student days.

Warren's shorter nonfiction publications include his introduction to The Essential Melville (1987) and reprints of "Why Do We Read Fiction?" in the Saturday Evening Post (July-August 1986), and, as "On Reading Fiction," in the Chronicle of Higher Education (October 4, 1989). Warren's critical commentary on his own short fiction is collected in Joseph Millichap's Robert Penn Warren: A Study of the Short Fiction (1992). The fiftieth anniversary issue of the Southern Review (22 [January 1986]) contains "The Origin of the Southern Review," a reminiscence co-authored with Cleanth Brooks. Four significant letters from the fifty-year Brooks-Warren correspondence were recently edited by James A. Grimshaw and published as Robert Penn Warren/Cleanth Brooks: Friends of Their Youth (Lexington, Kentucky: King Library Press, 1993).

Readership, both scholarly and popular, has kept much of the earlier canon in print and stimulated new editions of a number of prose titles. Three special editions of All the King's Men have appeared: (Limited Editions Club, 1989, which includes a new introduction by Warren; Collector's Reprint, 1990; Franklin Library, 1990), along with a "Modern Classic" printing (1990) of the HBJ trade edition. Laurel has marketed a new edition of A Place to Come To (1986), and J. S. Sanders (Nashville, Tennessee) has published first edition "reprints" of Night Rider (1992), John Brown (1993), and World Enough and Time (1994) as part of the Southern Classics Series.

A number of exciting archival developments complement these final publishing events. Yale's 1985 purchase of the Robert Penn Warren Deposit in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library became fully accessible to scholars in 1991 with the publication of William K. Finley's The Robert Penn Warren Papers, a finding list with a very useful introduction. The late 1980s saw the chartering of an author society (The Robert Penn Warren Circle) and the establishment of a Warren Center at Western Kentucky University. Warren's hometown of Guthrie subsequently established the Warren Birthplace Museum, and in 1993, the Warren family graciously donated his personal library to Western Kentucky University. Family members also helped dedicate the facility for Warren's library at the University's museum during the combined annual meetings of the Center and Circle in 1994.

Secondary Publications: A Survey

In the mid-1980s, Grimshaw identified eight collections of essays and four full-length studies newly published during the first half of the decade (Grimshaw, "Note," pp. 121-122). Since that time, twelve more volumes devoted to Warren have reached print. One of these is essentially a primary work - Talking with Robert Penn Warren (1990) is a compilation of Warren interviews edited (rather heavily and not always with a full discussion of rationale) by Floyd C. Watkins, John T. Hiers, and Mary Louise Weaks. This volume joins Watkins's and Hiers's Robert Penn Warren Talking: Interviews 1950-1978 (1980) in documenting four decades of Warren's spoken commentary.

In contrast to the production of the early 1980s, only four of the remaining eleven books are collections of essays, including two volumes of previously published materials edited and introduced by Harold Bloom. Bloom's Robert Penn Warren (1986) is part of the Chelsea House Modern Critical Views series, while his Robert Penn Warren's "Ill the King's Men" (1987) is a more specialized survey of criticism prepared for Chelsea House's Modern Critical Interpretations series. These collections make available a wide selection of earlier work on Warren, but, since the contents fall outside our time period, we will note them in our checklist without discussing them here. The exception is John Burt's fine essay on World Enough and Time, first published in the Robert Penn Warren volume as the closing essay and subsequently developed as a chapter in Burt's 1988 study of value systems in Warren's novels and poems.

The remaining two collections contain newly solicited essays on Warren. The essays in James A. Grimshaw's Time's Glory (1986) were vetted by a panel of distinguished Warren scholars and colleagues, and selected on individual merit rather than any orchestrated plan of representation. Dennis Weeks's wide-ranging collection of essays, "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren (1992), grew out of the Robert Penn Warren Memorial Conference held at Saint Louis University in 1991 and owes a great deal to the distinguished scholars (Cleanth Brooks, Walter Ong, and Albert Montesi) involved in that celebration. Student involvement in that conference is reflected in the essay collection, which begins with contributions by established Warren critics and concludes with a section of graduate-student essays by those we have already referred to as the "fourth generation" of Warren scholars.

Eight partial books or book chapters on Warren appeared during the first half of the 1980s; since then, eighteen books with significant sections on Warren have reached print, while two major journals have devoted posthumous issues to Warren. The January 1990 issue of the Southern Review opens with a special section of four personal reminiscences on Warren by Cleanth Brooks, Donald E. Stanford, Lewis P. Simpson, and James Olney. The Summer 1993 Southern Quarterly is a special issue titled The Great Dragon Country of Robert Penn Warren and contains eight more critically focused studies of Warren by R. W. B. Lewis, James H. Justus, James A. Grimshaw, and others. The Sewanee Review, another journal with a long-standing professional association with Warren, published tributes by Cleanth Brooks, Louis D. Rubin and Walter Sullivan. Other significant reminiscent tributes were published during the year following Warren's death by Robert Drake (Christian Century) and James A. Grimshaw (Gettysburg Review). Dennis Weeks's festschrift volume leads with Cleanth Brooks's "Homage to R. P. Warren," which eloquently summarizes Warren's drive for the hard truths about the individual and the nation. These personal essays fill out a valuable sequence of biographical insights on Warren's life and times by those who, after his own family, knew him best.

Not surprisingly, interest in Warren's life and in the autobiographical elements of his work continues to engage scholars. In his festschrift essay "RPW and TSE," Victor Strandberg identifies biographical parallels with Eliot's life as he tracks the development of Warren's modernist and post-modernist tendencies. Warren's professional relationships with other writers have also continued to interest scholars. Darlene Unrue's "Katherine Anne Porter and The Southern Review" finds that both Warren and Cleanth Brooks were open-minded editors who kept their art and politics separate. Fairness was their rule, and the consequences of this policy had an enormous impact on Southern literature well after the Southern Review became a wartime casualty. In a similar way, M. Thomas Inge carefully defines the Fugitive and Agrarian movements, and corrects long-standing misconceptions about the activities of Warren, Tate, Davidson and Ransom in both groups. More than one critic looks forward with great interest to Joseph Blotner's authorized biography of Warren, which draws on the large body of correspondence and manuscripts now available at Yale, Vanderbilt, Western Kentucky University, and the University of Kentucky to tell the full story of his life.

Many of the biographical essays are reminiscent. Warren knew scholars and teachers, was one of them all his life, and a refreshingly large proportion of the scholars who write about him knew Warren personally. George Core's two articles on Warren focus on the autobiographical aspects of his poetry, and Core (like many others) looks to Warren's late memoir Portrait of a Father for clues to Warren's private assessment of his own fatherhood. In "Parents and Children in RPW's Autobiography," James Olney identifies ways that Warren's poetry can reveal the impact of parents, wife, and children in his life. Lewis Simpson begins "The Loneliness Artist" with a narrative tour of Warren's three Louisiana homes (from the LSU years) and goes on to identify Warren's description of poetry as "shadowy autobiography" as a way of approaching Warren's sense of exile in his relationship with the South. In 1987, Jay Parini conducted one of Warren's last published interviews, a session which yielded extensive autobiographical reminiscence. In two essays, Will Fridy explores the role of memory in two stories and a poem ("American Portrait: Old Style"), working from interviews with the surviving subjects and giving due respect to Warren's own admonition not to forget that "a high percentage of oral history as [most] fiction is lies - just like all history" (Fridy, "Peering," p. 69).

In fact, Warren's "unrelenting search for truth through self-knowledge," identified by Grimshaw as an early 1980s focus of biographical study, continues to draw attention; but much of the late-1980s criticism places Warren's search for truth in a larger historical and philosophical context of American identity. In "William Faulkner, Robert Penn Warren, and the Law," Christopher Waldrep turns to the dramatic courtroom scenes of the early-century Kentucky tobacco wars in his discussion of Warren's tendency to see Southern law and order as at times unable to discover the true relations of events. As M. Thomas Inge points out in his chapter on "Robert Penn Warren's American Novel of Ideas," Warren was well-versed in American history and philosophy, and any study of his works must in some way deal with the interaction of American idealistic and pragmatic impulses in his fictional characters or poetic personae. Robert Feldman's study of "Responsibility in Crisis" in All the King's Men finds that politics is a frame for what Warren calls "the deeper concerns" of determinism and free will, action and inaction, truth and repression. Malcolm O. Magaw sees A Place to Come To as an extended intellectual search for meaning that touches on the existential. In his study of the problematic final section of World Enough and Time, Jim Perkins argues that the concluding section is mythological and works, as Warren defines myth in his essay on Ransom, as "a construct that expresses a truth and affirms a value." Conversely, Richard G. Law sees World Enough and Time as a skeptical statement of the search for knowledge and truth, a search which only defeats the imagination. William Finley turns to the disquieting images of evil and destruction in "Ballad of a Sweet Dream of Peace" to illustrate how Warren comes to the conclusion that while reality is truth, we do not know its name. As Mark Miller observes in his essay "Knowledge and the Image of 'Billie Ports'," the difficulty of defining truth becomes a "truth" in Warren's work.

The fact that this search for truth in an American historical and philosophical context is of interest to critics is very apparent in the longer studies. It is no coincidence that three of the seven book-length studies of Warren include the modifier "American" in their titles. In Robert Penn Warren and the American Imagination and two excellent companion articles, Hugh Ruppersburg focuses on the long historical/philosophical poems (Brother to Dragons, Audubon, and Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce) and his extended Civil Rights essays of the 1950s and 1960s to explore the tensions between national conscience and national destiny, idealism and pragmatism, and free will and determinism that led Warren to view American history as both inevitable process and high drama. In The American Vision of Robert Penn Warren, Bedford Clark examines the first thirty years of Warren's work from an historical perspective that allows us to trace more readily the development of Warren's interwoven vision of America's grandeur and her liabilities. John Burt works through examples from all Warren's chosen genres to track his basic ambivalence toward the ideal in any system of values, an ambivalence based on the dual transcendent/destructive consequences of an ideal vision. Burt's Robert Penn Warren and American Idealism prompted two excellent review-essays (included in the review section of our checklist) by Cleanth Brooks and Bedford Clark, critically significant in their own right. These three books join James Justus's earlier study, The Achievement of Robert Penn Warren (1981), as valuable companions to the full range of Warren's creative and critical output.

In his later years, Warren gave poetry the right of way over fiction, and the resulting tendency of scholars to focus on the poems continues in recent criticism. This observation by no means diminishes the valuable contribution of a number of fine studies of Warren's fiction. Robert M. Davis and Joseph R. Millichap have produced complementary studies of All the King's Men as novel and film. Davis focuses on the limitations of Robert Rossen's film version, while Millichap uses archival develops a careful textual reading to reveal how photographic and movie images work in the novel itself. On a larger scale, Millichap's Robert Penn Warren: A Study of the Short Fiction adds a much-needed study of Warren's stories to Twayne's Studies in Short Fiction Series. More recently, Twayne added Harold Woodell's All the King's Men: The Search for a Usable Past to their Masterworks series. Randolph Runyon's The Taciturn Text: The Fiction of Robert Penn Warren identifies recurrent situations in a number of the novels where a son must act on or interpret a father's legacy and analyzes the significance of these textual encounters in Freudian terms. Jack Burden is the subject of Martin Lumpkin's psychoanalytic reading of All the King's Men. In the final "analysis," Lumpkin finds that Jack's marriage is motivated by denial of a deep-seated Oedipal entrapment rather than by any true moral development. Both Runyon and Lumpkin wisely temper the excitement of psychoanalytic readings with the caution that, as Runyon puts it, "Freud can be a forced fit" for characters that are carefully crafted by a master storyteller. No less absorbing is Brian Ragen's study of the automobile as vehicle of Jack Burden's isolation. In "We Always Have to Go West: Automobiles, Innocence, and All the King's Men," Ragen explores the way that the sense of freedom from self and society provided by the car establishes Jack as a figure in the tradition of R.W.B. Lewis's American Adam. These and other secondary works contribute new and insightful ways to read Warren's fiction, and the critical heritage is richer for the effort.

As might be expected, many of the recent critical studies take a longer view of Warren's work. Freedman's study of All the King's Men differs from those already noted by focusing on the transitional nature of the novel, both in terms of Warren's developing racial views and of America's Civil Rights transformation. But more and more, these studies look specifically at the longer view of Warren's development as a poet. In "Young Warren and the Problematics of Faith," Bedford Clark looks back to the rarely anthologized Fugitive period poems to learn about "the formative imagination" of Warren's early years and thereby identifies a basis for tracking Warren's imaginative development throughout. his career. Nathan Scott provides in "Warren's Career in Poetry" a comprehensive and well-developed survey of Warren's poetry and highlights Brother to Dragons as the transitional work between his consciously modernist poems and the development of his own voice as a gifted verse storyteller. Charlotte Beck opens "The Postmodernism of Robert Penn Warren" with a similar overview of the two major periods in Warren's poetry and goes on to a full discussion of Brother to Dragons as a bridge into the postmodern form. Beck places Warren squarely in the middle generation between the modernists and the postmodernists, and shows how his fiction and criticism sparked formal experimentation in his poetry. In dealing with the long poems, both Beck and Finley give careful attention to Warren's process of revision, the shaping of his poems and verse passages, and their placement in the context of larger sequences. Perkins takes the same approach with his analysis of the fiction, drawing (as does Beck) on the major Warren deposits, a trend much welcomed and long overdue.

Perhaps the most exciting aspect of recent poetry criticism is the attention given to the later volumes of poetry. In 1977, Warren observed in an interview with Peter Stitt that "more and more for me the germ of a poem is an event in the natural world." As Nathan Scott convincingly argues in his long survey of Warren's poetry, this is certainly the case in Being Here (1980) and in the final great period of creativity that produced Rumor Verified (1981), Chief Joseph (1983), and the Altitudes and Extensions volume contained in New and Selected Poems 1923-1985. Floyd Watkins notes in "'The Body of This Death' in Robert Penn Warren's Later Poems" that the details of early life disappear from the later poetry as Warren journeys to natural places of meditation. In her analysis of the Warren personae in the late poems, Frances Bixler concludes that the new voices "reflect the aging poet's hunger for knowledge, not of history, but of the dark, mysterious realm just beyond human cognition." On a larger scale, Randolph Runyon brings his psychoanalytical approach to the personae of the late poems with his book-length study The Braided Dream.

In "The Nobel Prize Deferred Again," Patrick Samway observes that Warren's elevation to America's first Poet Laureateship tops an incredible history of national recognition, a record all the more remarkable because of his long-standing commitment to scholarship and teaching. The implication is that his scholarly standards and his considerable popularity will insure that he will remain an important writer for a wide range of American readers. Leslie Fiedler argues to the same conclusion in "Robert Penn Warren: A Final Word," but from another quarter, maintaining that Warren's staying power will not be due to the modernist or postmodernist aspects of his poetry and fiction, but rather to "their innate mythopoeic power that appeals to both elite and ordinary readers." For Fiedler, and for many critics regardless of theoretical orientation, Warren's work continues to live even though the poet's voice has gone silent.

But if the primary publishing record trails off, it leads to the "vibrant silence" encountered in the opening lines of "Waiting." From a bibliographer's perspective, that silence will resonate as long as scholars continue to assess Warren's place in our time. Warren himself seems to have initiated that assessment during his eightieth-birthday interview, when he went on to refashion St. Augustine's definition of man's relationship to time in this way:

The question of how man lives in time: he's constantly aware of it, or should be. . . . He's trying to find a place in time. And I don't think it's morbid at all - it's only natural You're in a flow, and it's only natural to swim, if you can. (Vitale, "Conversation," p. 5)

Although Warren once observed that the effort of framing the right question can be more rewarding than the answer, the truth of this answer is confirmed by many voices. The critical heritage shows just how well he swam - in his pondy woods, in his art, and in the life of his nation.

CHECKLIST OF CRITICISM, 1986-1993

BOOKS

Bloom, Harold, ed. Robert Penn Warren. New York: Chelsea, 1986. Includes the following previously published materials: W. M. Frohock, "Mr. Warren's Albatross"; Cleanth Brooks, "R.P. Warren: Experience Redeemed in Knowledge"; Joseph Frank, "Romanticism and Reality in Robert Penn Warren"; Jonathan Baumbach, "The Metaphysics of Demagoguery: All the King's Men"; Arthur Mizener, "Robert Penn Warren: All the King's Men"; Walter Sullivan, "The Historical Novelist and the Existential Peril: Robert Penn Warren's Band of Angels"; Allen Shepherd, "The Poles of Fiction: Warren's At Heaven's Gate"; Daniel Aaron, "The Meditations of Robert Penn Warren"; Richard Howard, "Dreadful Alternatives: A Note on Robert Penn Warren"; Richard Law, "Warren's Night Rider and the Issue of Naturalism: The 'Nightmare' of Our Age"; Harold Bloom, "Brother to Dragons"; David Wyatt, "The Critic as Artist"; T. R. Hummer, "Audubon and the Moral Center"; Calvin Bedient," "Truth's Glare-Glory'"; Harold Bloom, "Sunset Hawk: Warren's Poetry and Tradition"; Paul Mariani, "Robert Penn Warren." John Burt's "The Self-Subversion of Value in Warren's World Enough and Time" is here first published.

Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical interpretations: Robert Penn Warren's "All the King's Men." New York: Chelsea, 1987. Includes the following previously published materials: Charles Kaplan, "Jack Burden: Modern Ishmael"; Jonathan Baumbach, "The Metaphysics of Demagoguery: All the King's Men"; Arthur Mizener, "Robert Penn Warren: All the King's Men"; Allen Shepherd, "Robert Penn Warren as a Philosophical Novelist"; Murray Krieger, "The Assumption of the 'Burden' of History in All the King's Men"; Richard Gray, "The American Novelist and American History: A Revaluation of All the King's Men"; Simone Vauthier, "The Case of the Vanishing Narratee: An Inquiry into All the King's Men"; Richard G. Law," 'The Case of the Upright Judge': The Nature of Truth in All the King's Men"; Richard H. King, "From Politics to Psychology: Warren's All the King's Men."

Bun, John, Robert Penn Warren and American Idealism. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1988.

Clark, William Bedford. The American Vision of Robert Penn Warren. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1991.

Grimshaw, James A., Jr., ed. Time's Glory: Original Essays on Robert Penn Warren. Conway: University of Central Arkansas Press, 1986.

Millichap, Joseph R. Robert Penn Warren: A Study of the Short Fiction. Twayne's Studies in Short Fiction 39. New York: Twayne, 1992.

Runyon, Randolph Paul. The Braided Dream: Robert Penn Warren's Late Poetry. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990.

Runyon, Randolph Paul. The Taciturn Text: Robert Penn Warren's Fiction. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990.

Ruppersburg, Hugh. Robert Penn Warren and the American Imagination. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990.

Watkins, Floyd C., John T. Hiers, and Mary Louise Weaks, eds. Talking with Robert Penn Warren. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990.

Weeks, Dennis L., ed. "To Love So Well The World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. New York: Peter Lang, 1992.

Woodell, Harold. "All the King's Men": The Search for a Usable Past. Twayne's Masterwork Studies No. 112. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1993.

PARTIAL BOOKS

Titles listed here include books by a single author with sections on Warren, and essay collections by a single author with essays (new and previously published or presented) on Warren.

Clausen, Christopher. "Explorations of America." In The Moral Imagination: Essays on Literature and Ethics. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1986. Includes a discussion of Warren's Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce. pp. 154-176.

Conkin, Paul K. The Southern Agrarians. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988.

Douglas, Paul. Bergson, Eliot, and American Literature. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986.

Ehrenpreis, Irvin, and Daniel Albright, eds. Poetries of America: Essays on the Relation of Character to Style. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989, pp. 99-106, 107-117.

Heilman, Robert B. The Southern Connection: Essays, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991, pp, 65-80. Includes "Robert Penn Warren at LSU: Reminiscences," a paper delivered at Warren's Seventy-fifth Birthday Symposium (1980), and two previously published essays.

Hobson, Fred. The Southern Writer in the Postmodern World. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991.

Inge, M. Thomas. Faulkner, Sut, and Other Southerners: Essays in Literary History. Locust Hills Literary Studies No. 2. West Cornwall Connecticut: Locust Hill, 1992.

Lewis, R. W. B. Literary Reflections: A Shoring of Images. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998. Includes a section on "Robert Penn Warren's Canon of Precursors," pp. 259-291.

Makowsky, Veronica A. Caroline Gordon: A Biography. New York: Oxford, 1989. Unverified.

Montague, J. The Figure in the Cave and Other Essays. New York: Syracuse University Press, 1989. Includes "American Pegasus," pp. 188-199.

Nelson, R. A. Aesthetic Frontiers: The Machiavellian Tradition and the Southern Imagination. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1990. Chapter 6 is entitled "A Romantic Elegy for Republican Virtue: Allen Tate, Robert Penn Warren, and the Machiavellian Cycle," pp. 197-232.

Nielson, Alden Lynn. Reading Rate: White American Poets and Racial Discourse in the Twentieth Century. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988.

Perkins, David. A History of Modern Poetry: Modernism and After. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1987.

Ragen, Brian Abel. A Wreck on the Road to Damascus. New Orleans: Loyola University Press, 1980. Chapter 2, "The Automobile and the American Adam." Includes a section later revised for his 1992 festschrift essay "We Have Always Gone West: Automobiles, Innocence, and All the King's Men," pp. 92-05.

Rubin, Louis D. The Mockingbird in the Gum Tree: A Literary Gallimaufry. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991. Reprints "R. P. W., 1905-1980," pp. 137-148.

Scott, Nathan A. Visions of presence in Modern American Poetry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.

Spears, Monroe K. American Ambitions. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987. Includes "Robert Penn Warren as Hardy American," pp. 87-106; "Robert Penn Warren as Critic," pp. 167-178.

Strout, Cushing. Making American Tradition: Visions and Revisions from Ben Franklin to Alice Walker. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990. Includes a section on William James and All the King's Men, "Gentle William and Warren's Willie," pp. 88-99.

Sullivan, Walter. In Praise of Blood Sports and Other Essays. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990.

Winchell, Mark Royden, ed. The Vanderbilt Tradition: Essays in Honor of Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991.

Woodward, C. Vann. The Future of the Past. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Includes "History in Robert Penn Warren's Fiction," a previously unpublished paper delivered in 1987 at Yale University's conference on Robert Penn Warren.

Young, Thomas Daniel. Selected Essays: 1965-1985. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991. Includes a section on "Brother to Dragons: A Meditation on the Basic Nature of Man," pp. 142-152.

ESSAYS

Titles in this section include articles individually published in newspapers, popular and scholarly periodicals, or collected in multiple-author anthologies.

Anon. "Harvard Gets Roosevelt, Yale Gets Robert Penn Warren." Wilson Library Bulletin, 61 (September 1986), 7-8.

Anon. "Write-on!: Eighty-year-old Robert Penn Warren is Named America's First Poet Laureate." People Weekly, 25 (17 March 1986), 66.

Allums, J. Larry. "Robert Penn Warren's Fugitive Years: A Revaluation." Southern Quarterly, 31.4 (Summer 1993), 75-85.

Bartsch, Friedman K. "Brother to Dragons: The Burden of Innocence." College Language Association Journal, 29.3 (March 1986), 336-351.

Beck, Charlotte H. "The Postmodernism of Robert Penn Warren." In "To Love So Wall the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 211-221.

Beyer, Manfred. "Vom bewunderten Dichter zum verachteten Monster. Zur Entwicklung des Vogelmotives in der englishen Lyrik." Anglia, 109.3-4 (1991), 359-376.

Bixler, Frances. "Robert Penn Warren's Varied Voices: An Approach to the Late Poems." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 85-100.

Bixler, Frances. "Acedia: The Most Deadly Sin in Robert Penn Warren's Fictive World." In Time's Glory: Original Essays on Robert Penn Warren. Ed. James A. Grimshaw, Jr. Conway: University of Central Arkansas Press, 1986, pp. 3-12.

Bloom, Harold. Introduction. Modern Critical Interpretations: Robert Penn Warren's "All the King's Men." Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea, 1987, pp. 1-7.

Bloom, Harold. Introduction. Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea, 1986, pp. 1-11.

Bloom, Harold, and David Bromwich, Introduction. Contemporary Poets. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea, 1986.

Boyd, John D. "'I Say More': Sacrament and Hopkins' Imaginative Realism." Renascence, 42.1-2 (Fall-Winter 1992), 51-64.

Broderick, John C. "The Poet Laureate of the United States." Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook: 1986. Ed. J. M. Brook. Detroit: Gale, 1987, pp. 30-38.

Bronich, M. K. "Traditsii 'iuzhnoi shkoly' i roman R. P. Uorrena 'Pribezhishche': K voprosu o kontseptsii mira v tvorchestve Uorrena." Mezhliteraturnye sviazi i problema realizma. Ed. M. K. Bronich. Gorki: Gor'kovskii gosuniv, 1988, pp. 35-45.

Brooks, Cleanth. Afterward. Southern Quarterly, 31.4 (Summer 1993), 106-112.

Brooks, Cleanth. Foreword. Robert Penn Warren/Cleanth Brooks: Friends of Their Youth. Ed. James A. Grimshaw, Jr. Lexington, Kentucky: King Library Press, 1993.

Brooks, Cleanth. "Homage to R. P. Warren." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 13-18.

Brooks, Cleanth, and Robert Penn Warren. "The Origin of The Southern Review." Southern Review, 22 (January 1986), 214-217. Rpt. in "The Southern Review" and Modern Literature. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988, pp. 34-37.

Bukovskaia, M. V. "O khudozhestvenno-simvolicheskoi funktsii zaglavia i epigrafa v romane R. P. Uorrena 'Vsia korolevskaia rat'." Sistemnyi Analiz Khudozhestvennogo Teksta. Ed, R. A. Kiselva. Vologda: Vologodskii Gosudarstvennyi Pedagogicheski Insti, pp. 25-32.

Burneko, Grace Bailey. "Innocence Recaptured: In 'Composition in Gold and Red-Gold'." Southern Quarterly, 31.4 (Summer 1993), 95-100.

Burt, John. "The Self-Subversion of Value in Warren's World Enough and Time." In Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea, 1986. Revised and included in Burt's Robert Penn Warren and American Idealism.

Casper, Leonard: "Toward the Great Amen: Warren's Later Novels." In Time's Glory: Original Essays on Robert Penn Warren. Ed. James A. Grimshaw, Jr. Conway: University of Central Arkansas Press, 1986, pp. 77-88.

Chaplin, Jeanette. "Burning Barns in Warren and Faulkner." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 223-228.

Chistonogova, L. K. "K probleme khudozhestvennogo vremeni: Na Analiz khudozhestvennogo teksta." Sistemnyi Analiz Khudozhestvennogo Teksta. Ed. R. A. Kiselva. Vologda: Vologodskii Gosudarstvennyi Pedagogicheski Insti, pp. 106-115.

Clark, William Bedford. "Robert Penn Warrens Love Affair With America." Southern Review, 22.4 (Autumn 1986), 667-679.

Clark, William Bedford. "'Secret Sharers' in Warren's Later Fiction." In Time's Glory: Original Essays on Robert Penn Warren. Ed. James A. Grimshaw, Jr. Conway: University of Central Arkansas Press, 1986, pp. 65-76.

Clark, William Bedford. "Whitman, Warren, and the Literature of Discovery." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review, 10.1 (Summer 1992), 10-15.

Clark, William Bedford. "Young Warren and the Problematics of Faith." Mississippi Quarterly, 45.1 (Winter 1991-92), 29-39.

Clinton, Mark S. "'The House of Poetry': A Reading of 'Night Flight'." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 229-238.

Core, George. "Foreword." Night Rider. By Robert Penn Warren. Southern Classics Series. Nashville, Tennessee: J. S. Sanders, 1992, pp. ix-xiv.

Core, George. "Life's Bright Parenthesis: Warren's Example and One Man's Pathology." In Home Ground: Southern Autobiography. Ed. J. Bill Berry. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1991, pp. 48-60.

Core, George. "Lives Fugitive and Unwritten." In Located Lives: Place and Idea in Southern Autobiography. Ed. J. Bill Berry. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990, pp. 52-65.

Core, George. "Vanderbilt English and the Rise of New Criticism." In The Vanderbilt Tradition. Ed. Mark Royden Winchell. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991, pp. 19-35.

Cunningham, Cheryl A. "Splitting the Dark: Henri Bergson and All the King's Men." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 239-250.

Cunningham, Henry. "Jack Burden Investigates." Southern Quarterly, 31.1 (Fall 1992), 35-49.

Davis, Robert Murray. "The Whole World ... Willie Stark: Novel and Film of All the King's Men." In Film and Literature: A Comparative Approach to Adaptation. Ed. Michael Schoenecke. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 1988, pp. 33-44.

Davydov, Iu. "Literatura i Demokratia." Voprosy Literatury, K-9 (1988). Moscow, Russia: 2, 116-149.

Dietrich, Brian. "Original Sin or Original Myth?: The Philosophy of Evolution in the Original Brother to Dragons." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 251-258.

Dietrich, Brian. "Christ or Antichrist: Understanding Eight Words in 'Blackberry Winter'." Studies in Short Fiction, 29.2 (Spring 1992), 215-220.

Erskine, Albert. Editor's Note. A Robert Penn Warren Reader. Ed. Albert Erskine. New York: Random, 1989, pp. xi-xiv.

Feldman, Robert. "Responsibility in Crisis: Jack Burden's Struggle in All the King's Men." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 101-112.

Ferriss, Lucy. "From Manly to Cassie: The Evolution of Warren's Female Persona." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 259-272.

Fiedler, Leslie. "Robert Penn Warren: A Final Word." South Carolina Review, 23. 1 (Fall 1990), 9-16. Rpt. in "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 19-28.

Finley, William. "Warren's 'Grotesque' Nightmare: 'Ballad of a Sweet Dream of Peace'." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 171-188.

Freedman, Carl. "Power, Sexuality, and Race in All the King's Men." In Southern Literature and Literary Theory. Ed. Jefferson Humphries. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990, pp. 127-141.

Fridy, Will. "The Author and the Ball Player: An Imprint of Memory in the Writings of Robert Penn Warren." Mississippi Quarterly, 44.2 (Spring 1991), 159-166.

Fridy, Will. "Peering into the Pure Imagination: Robert. Penn Warren's The Circus in the Attic." Mississippi Quarterly, 45.1 (Winter 1991-92), 69-75.

Gowda, H. H. Anniah. "America's Poet Laureate." Literary Half-Yearly, 28.1 (January 1987), 40-51.

Gray, Paul. "All the Nation's Poets: Robert Penn Warren, Already Much Laureled, Takes on a New Title. Time, March 10, 1986, p. 48.

Grigsby, John L. "The Poisonous Snake in the Garden." Publications of the Mississippi Philological Association (POMPA) 1988, pp. 46-50.

Grimshaw, James A., Jr. "Shakespeare's Henriad and All the King's Men: A Study in Parallels." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 45-57.

Grimshaw, James A., Jr. Preface. Time's Glory: Original Essays on Robert Penn Warren. Ed, James A. Grimshaw, Jr. Conway: University of Central Arkansas Press, 1986, pp. 109-118.

Grimshaw, James A., Jr. "Biographical Trends in Warren Criticism: the 1980s." Southern Quarterly, 31.4 (Summer 1993), 51-67.

Grimshaw, James A., Jr. "Biographical Note." In Time's Glory: Original Essays on Robert Penn Warren. Ed. James A. Grimshaw, Jr. Conway: University of Central Arkansas Press, 1986, pp. 119-124.

Hays, Tony A. "The Two Fathers of Percy Munn: Father-Son Relationships in Night Rider." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 273-279.

Hendrik, George and Willene. Introduction. Katherine Anne Porter. Rev. ed. Boston: Twayne, 1988. Unverified.

Holden, Jonathan. "Contemporary Verse Storytelling." Southern Review, 27.2 (April 1991), 376-398.

Hollander, John. "Modes and Ranges of a Long Dawn." In Contemporary Poets. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea, 1986, pp. 9-17.

Hoogestraat, Jane. "A Place to Come To and the Problem of History." In "To Love So Welt the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren, Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 59-74.

Inge, M. Thomas. "The Fugitives and the Agrarians: A Clarification." American Literature, 62.3 (September 1990), 486.

Jackson, Richard. "The Generous Time: Robert Penn Warren and the Phenomenology of the Moment." In The Dismantling Of Time in Contemporary Poetry, pp. 23-64. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988.

Jancovic, Mark. "Robert Penn Warren as New Critic: Against Propaganda and Irresponsibility." Southern Literary Journal, 24.1 (Fall 1991), 53-65.

Justus, James H. "The Power of Filiation in All the King's Men." In Modern American Fiction: Form and Function. Ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989, pp. 156-169.

Justus, James H. "Warren and the Narrator as Historical Self." In Time's Glory: Original Essays on Robert Penn Warren, Ed. James A. Grimshaw, Jr. Conway: University of Central Arkansas Press, 1986, pp. 109-118.

Justus, James H. "Wisdom on the Slant: Warren over the Long Haul." Southern Quarterly, 31.4 (Summer 1993), 37-50.

Law, Richard G. "Warren's World Enough and Time: 'El in Arcadia Ergo'." In Time's Glory: Original Essays on Robert Penn Warren. Ed. James A. Grimshaw, Jr. Conway: University of Central Arkansas Press, 1986, pp. 13-43.

Lederer, Katherine G. Introduction. "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. xix-xxii.

Lehman, David. "The Poet of the People: R. P. Warren." Newsweek, 107 (10 March 1986), 77.

Lewis, R. W. B. "The Great Dragon Country of Robert Penn Warren." Southern Quarterly, 31.4 (Summer 1993), 13-36.

Long, Robert Sterling. "Warren Mounts His Horse: Flood's Author as Southern Gothic/Grotesque Writer." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 279-286.

Lowell, Robert. "Robert Penn Warren's Brother to Dragons." In Collected Prose. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1987.

Lumpkin, Martin. "Jack's Unconscious Burden: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation of All the King's Men." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 196-210.

Magaw, Malcolm O. 'Pilgrimage to Ambivalence: A Reinterpretation of Robert Penn Warren's A Place to Come To." Midwest Quarterly, 29.4 (Summer 1988), 469-486.

Marcote, Paul J. "What the 'Ontological Critic' in the Authors of Understanding Poetry Adds to the 'New Criticism' of Brooks and Warren: Essays in Honor of Harry T. Moore." In The Modernists: Studies in a Literary Phenomenon. Ed. Lawrence B. Gamache. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1987, pp. 46-60.

Mariani, P. L. "Robert Penn Warren." In A Usable Past. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987, pp. 153-170. Unverified.

Marty, Martin E. "Laureate." Christian Century, 103 (19-26 March 1986), 311.

McDowell, Frederick P. W. Foreword. Southern Quarterly, 31.4 (Summer 1993), 7-8.

Mellard, James M. "Lists, Stories, and Granny's Quilt: Writing - and Rewriting - Southern Cultural Literary History." Mississippi Quarterly, 43.4 (Fall 1991), 463-480.

Miller, Mark Daniel. 'Knowledge and the Image of 'Billie Potts': A Reading Via a Reading of Strandberg's Reading." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 123-148.

Millichap, Joseph R. "All the King's Men, Photography and Filmy In "To Love So Welt the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 149-158.

Moore, Sherry E. "All That Glitters: Golden Imagery in Selected Poetry and 'The Circus in the Attic'." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 287-294.

Mukherjee, Bharati. "Immigrant Writing: Give Us Your Maximalists!" New York Times Book Review, 28 August 1988, pp. l, 28-29.

Nelson, Dale. "Laureate's First Hour." Wilson Library Bulletin, 61 (December 1986), 31.

Nelson, Dale. "Poet Laureate's Activities." Wilson Library Bulletin, 61 (February 1987), 29.

Olney, James. "Parents and Children in Robert Penn Warren's Autobiography." In Home Ground: Southern Autobiography. Ed. J. Bill Berry. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1991, pp. 31-47.

Pagliasotti, Mary Anne. "Idealism and Pragmatism in Warren." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 295-302.

Parini, Jay. "Robert Penn Warren." Horizon, 30 (June 1987), 36-37.

Payton, Lana K. "'Out of the Strong Shall Come Forth Sweetness': Women in All the King's Men." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 303-312.

Perkins, James A. "The Myth of the Labyrinth in World Enough and Time." In "To Love So Well the World".' A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 159-170.

Peterman, Gina D. "Warren's 'Summer Storm (circa 1916),' and 'God's Grace'," Explicator, 50.2 (Winter 1992), 112-115.

Porter, Katherine Anne. Letters of Katherine Anne Porter. Ed. Isabel Bayley. New York: Atlantic, 1990.

Ragen, Brian Abel. "'We Always Have to Go West': Automobiles, Innocence, and All the King's Men." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 189-196. Revised for his study of Flannery O'Connor, A Wreck on the Road to Damascus, 1989. (See "Partial Books" section.)

Raper, Porter G. "Southern Identity and Myth in 'Pondy Woods'." Southern Quarterly, 30.1 (Fall 1991), 19-23.

Raper, Julius Rowan. Inventing Modern Southern Fiction: A Postmodern View." Southern Literary Journal, 22.2 (Spring 1990), 3-18.

Runyon, Randolph Paul. "Willie's Wink and Other Doubtful Paternal Texts in the Novels of Robert Penn Warren." In Southern Literature and Literary Theory. Ed. Jefferson Humphries. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990, pp. 270-283.

Runyon, Randolph Paul. "Father, Son, and Taciturn Text." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 113-122.

Runyon, Randolph Paul. "The Fictive Fetus in The Cave." In Time's Glory: Original Essays in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. James A. Grimshaw, Jr. Conway: University of Central Arkansas Press, 1986, pp. 45-64.

Ruppersburg, Hugh. "Discovering America's History: Robert Penn Warren's Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce." South Central Review, 5.1 (Spring 1988), 75-86.

Ruppersburg, Hugh. "Robert Penn Warren and the 'Burden of Our Time': Segregation and Who Speaks for the Negro?" Mississippi Quarterly, 42.2 (Spring 1989), 115-128.

Ryan, Steven T. "World Enough and Time. A Refutation of Poe's History as Tragedy." Southern Quarterly, 31.4 (Summer 1993), 86-94.

Safire, William. "Unwordability" (in his "On Language" Column). New York Times Magazine, October 22, 1989, p. 16.

Samway, Patrick H. "The Nobel Prize Deferred Again (R. P. Warren)." America, 157 (14 November 1987), 359+.

Sanoff, Alvin P. "A Conversation With America's First Poet Laureate." Foreign Literatures, Beijing, China, 3 (1987), 86-88.

Sanoff, Alvin P. "Pretty, Hell! Poetry Is Life'." U.S. News and World Report, 100 (June 23, 1986), 73.

Scott, Nathan A., Jr. "Warren's Career in Poetry: Taking Council of the Heart Alone." Centennial Review, 25.2 (Spring 1989), 514-519.

Simpson, Lewis P. "Robert Penn Warren: The Loneliness Artist." Sewanee Review, 99.3 (Summer 1991), 337-361.

Slotkin, Alan R. "The Language of Social Interactions: The Idiolect of Willie Stark in Robert Penn Warren's All the King's Men." College Language Association Journal, 30.3 (March 1987), 294-306.

Spears, Monroe K. "The Critics Who Made Us: Robert Penn Warren." Sewanee Review, 94.1 (Winter 1986), 99-111.

Spears, Monroe K. "Robert Penn Warren and the Literary Life." Gettysburg Review, 3.1 (Winter 1990), 203-206.

Strandberg, Victor. "Poet of Youth: Robert Penn Warren at Eighty." In Time's Glory: Original Essays on Robert Penn Warren. Ed. James A. Grimshaw, Jr. Conway: University of Central Arkansas Press, 1986, pp. 91-106.

Strandberg, Victor. "R. P. W. and T. S. E.: In the Steps of the (Post)Modern Master." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 29-44.

Strandberg, Victor. "Robert Penn Warren and the Search for Design." Gettysburg Review (Summer 1992), 480-497.

Strandberg, Victor. "Robert Penn Warren's Worst Book." Paper presented at the symposium "Robert Penn Warren: A Hometown Symposium," October 1987, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee. Quoted in Runyon's The Braided Dream.

Unrue, Darlene Harbour. "Katherine Anne Porter and The Southern Review." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 75-84.

Vitale, Tom. "A Conversation with Robert Penn Warren." Ontario Review, 25 (Fall-Winter 1986-87), 5-13.

Waage, Frederick O. "Warren's New Dawn." Southern Quarterly, 31.4 (Summer 1993), 101-105.

Waldrep, Christopher. "William Faulkner, Robert Penn Warren, and the Law." Southern Studies, 2.1 (Spring 1991), 39-50.

Watkins, Floyd C. "'The Body of This Death' in Robert Penn Warren's Later Poems." Kenyon Review, 10.4 (Fall 1988), 31-41.

Weeks, Dennis L. "Preface." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. xv-xvii.

Wilcox, Earl J. "Who Speaks for Mr. Warren on the Negro? A Mock Interview." In The Vanderbilt Tradition: Essays in Honor of Thomas Daniel Young. Ed. Mark Royden Winchell. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991, pp. 105-116.

Wilson, R. Journal of Southern History. 54 259 1988. Unverified.

Winchell, Mark Royden. "Robert Penn Warren's Brother to Dragons: Irony and the Image of Man." In The Vanderbilt Tradition: Essays in Honor of Thomas Daniel Young. Ed. Mark Royden Winchell. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991, pp. 105-130.

Winn, Thomas A. "The Night Rider Revisited: A Historical Perspective." Southern Quarterly, 31.4 (Summer 1993), 68-74.

Woodward, C. Vann. "Foreword." John Brown: The Making of a Martyr. By Robert Penn Warren. Southern Classics Series. Nashville, Tennessee: J. S. Sanders, 1993, pp. xi-xvii.

Wooley, Lillian Nobles. "The Medieval Interlace Structure in All the King's Men." In "To Love So Well the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 313-326.

Zimmerman, Lee. "An Eye for an I: Emerson and Some 'True' Poems of Robinson Jeffers, William Everson, Robert Penn Warren, and Adrienne Rich." Contemporary Literature, 53.4 (Winter 1992), 645-664.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Finley, William K. The Robert Penn Warren Papers (YCAL MSS 51). New Haven: Yale, 1991.

Grimshaw, James A., Jr. "Bibliographical Note." In Time's Glory: Original Essays on Robert Penn Warren, Conway: University of Central Arkansas Press, 1986, pp. 119-124.

Grimshaw, James A., Jr. "Biographical Trends in Warren Criticism: The 1980's." Southern Quarterly, 31.4 (Summer 1995), 51-67.

Hendricks, Donovan, and William J. Burling. "Robert Penn Warren: A Selective, Chronological Bibliography." In "To Love So Welt the World": A Festschrift in Honor of Robert Penn Warren. Ed. Dennis L. Weeks. New York: Peter Lang, 1992, pp. 1-11.

Monholland, C. S. "Southern History in Periodicals, 1987: A Selected Bibliography." Journal of Southern History, 54.2 (May 1988), 259-297. Unverified.

DISSERTATIONS

Barry, Michael Gordon. "Recovering Meaning from the Irony of History: American Political Fiction in Transition: DAI 50.12 (June 1990): 3949A. University of New York, Buffalo.

Blair, John M. "The Southern Cultural Tradition in the Works of Robert Penn Warren, Eudora Welty, and Walker Percy." DAI 50.11 (May 1990): 3585A. Tulane University.

Hendricks, Randy Joe. "Companion to Owls: Robert Penn Warren and the Literature of Knowledge." DAI 52.3 (1991): DA9121723. University of Tennessee.

Houck, Donna Havnaer. "The Prison of the Self: Images of Entrapment, Retreat, and Release in the Novels of Robert Penn Warren." DAI 48.5 (November 1987): 1203A. University of North Carolina, Greensboro.

Leatherbarrow, Ronald. "The Dynamics of Self-Fulfillment: A Study of the Early Fiction of Robert Penn Warren." DAI 47.3 (September 1986): 901A.

Ledbetter, Tony Mark. "Narrative Virtue: A Study of Character in the Works of James Agee, Walker Percy, and Robert Penn Warren." DAI 49.1 (July 1988): 89A. Emory University.

Miller, Mark Daniel. "Robert Penn Warren's Early Poetry, 1922-1953: An Appreciation." DAI 47.2 (August 1986): 530A-531A.

Weaks, Mary Louise. "A 'Little Postage Stamp of Native Soil' in the Upper South: The Poetry and Fiction of Caroline Gordon, Allen Tare, and Robert Penn Warren." DAI 50.2 (August 1989): 446A.

Wilson, Deborah. "Patterning the Past: History as Ideology in Modern Southern Fiction." DAI 52.9 (1992): DA9207538. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.

REVIEWS

Primary Works

Bode, Ken. "Hero or Demagogue? The Two Faces of Huey Long on Film." New Republic, 194 (March 3, 1986), 37-41. Review of Ken Burns's 1986 film Huey Long quotes two passages by Warren from the film.

Brinkmeyer, Robert H., Jr., 'Essays Display Art of Robert Penn Warren." Atlanta Journal Constitution. May 28, 1989, N9. Review of New and Selected Essays.

Brustein, Robert. "Robert Brustein on Theater: A Tribute to Robert Penn Warren." New Republic, May 25, 1987, pp. 25-27. Review of Adrian Hall's Trinity Repertory Company production of All the King's Men (Providence, Rhode Island, 1987).

Cox, Carole. "Literature on Film and Film on Literature." English Journal, 75 (October 1986), 87. Review of the film Herman Melville: Damned in Paradise (Pyramid, 90 min., 1986), which includes critical commentary spoken by Warren.

Craft, Robert. "At Play in the Fields of the Mind." Washington Post Book World, April 30, 1989, p. 5. Review of New and Selected Essays.

Crowder, Ashby Bland. "Robert Penn Warren: The Once and Future Critic." Mississippi Quarterly, 43 (Spring 1990), 241-247. Review of New and Selected Essays.

Disch, Thomas M. "All the King's Men." Nation, December 12, 1987, p. 725. Review of the Arena Stage Production of Warren's stage version in Washington, D.C.

Dingus, Anne. "Remember the Alamo!" Texas Monthly, 18 (January 1990), 132. Unverified.

Feeney, Mark. "The Message of Mr. Warren's Profession." Boston Globe, April 16, 1989, B51. Review of New and Selected Essays.

Hiett, John, "Writers of Today." Library Journal, 116 (September 1991), 242. Video recording review of Writers of Today, 5 vols (New York: First Run/Icarus, 1991; Vol 2: Robert Penn Warren, b/w, 30 min. commercial release of the Walter Kerr interview).

Lochte, Dick. "Hope of the Heart" (Mark Taper Forum theater reviews). Los Angeles, 35 (November 1990), 229. Review of Warren's stage version of All the King's Men. Unverified.

Nash, Charles C. "Portrait of a Father." Library Journal, 113 (October 1988), 84.

Quinlan, Kieran. [Review of Portrait of a Father, Time's Glory: Original Essays on Robert Penn Warren, and Robert Penn Warren and American Idealism.! Mississippi Quarterly, 94 (Fall 1991), 483-480.

Rogers, Michael. [Review of the Southern Classics Series edition of Night Rider!. Library Journal, 117 (December 1992), 192.

Ray, Donald. "New and Selected Essays." Library Journal, 114 (March 1989), 72.

Siegel, Roslyn. "New and Selected Essays." New York Times Book Review, May 2, 1989, Sec. 7, 19.

Stuttaford, Genevieve. "New and Selected Essays." Publishers Weekly, January 27, 1989. p. 461.

Turner, Robert L. "A Long Life for All the King's Men. Boston Globe, September 19, 1989, p. 19. A retrospective review of All the King's Men.

Secondary Works

Beck, Charlotte H. [Review of The Taciturn Text: The Fiction of Robert Penn Warren, by Randolph Runyon!. South Atlantic Review, 58 (January 1993), 162-165.

Brooks, Cleanth. "Robert Penn Warren and American Idealism." Sewanee Review, 97 (Fall 1989), 586-591. Review essay of Burt's Robert Penn Warren and American Idealism. Includes a brief memorial paragraph on Warren.

Clark, William Bedford. "A Warrenesque Criticism." Southern Review, 25 (Spring 1989), 514-519. Review essay of John Burt's Robert Penn Warren and American Idealism.

Kerley, Gary. "Book Shelf: Robert Penn Warren and the American Imagination." Atlanta Journal Constitution, September 9, 1990, N8. Review of Hugh Ruppersburg's Robert Penn Warren and the American Imagination.

REMINISCENCES AND MEMORIAL TRIBUTES

Anon. "A Poet's Life, Gloriously Spent." Chicago Tribune, September 17, 1989, Sec. 4, 2.

Anon. "Robert Penn Warren, Poet and Author, Dies." New York Times, September 16, 1989, pp 1, 11.

Anon. "Robert Penn Warren, RIP." National Review, October 13, 1989, p. 21.

Anon. "Robert Penn Warren, Writer, Poet, Winner of 3 Pulitzer Prizes; at 84." Boston Globe, September 16, 1989, p. 28.

Anon. "Southern Culture's Leading Man of Letters." Atlanta Constitution, September 19, 1989, p. A10.

Barnes, Bart. "Author Poet: Robert Penn Warren Dies." Washington Post, September 16, 1989, pp. A1, A14.

Beiswenger, Eleanor, et al., eds. The Great Dragon Country of Robert Penn Warren. Special Issue, Southern Quarterly, 31 (Summer 1993), 173 pp.

Bennett, Tom, and Don O'Briant. "His Poetry, Novels Rank Warren Among the South's Finest Writers." Atlanta Journal Constitution, September 16, 1989, p. A3.

Brooks, Cleanth. "A Tribute to Robert Penn Warren." Southern Review, 26 (Winter 1990), p. 2-4.

Clemons, Walter. "Of the Old Man ... Homeward Gazed." Newsweek, September 25, 1989, p. 67.

D'Evelyn, Thomas. "Robert Penn Warren: An Appreciation." Christian Science Monitor, October 5, 1989, p. 13.

Davison, Peter. "The Black Aspen." Poem, Sewanee Review, 99 (Summer 1991), 362-363.

Drake, Robert. "Robert Penn Warren's Enormous Spider Web." Christian Century, 106 (November 22, 1989), 1089-1091.

Dunning, Jennifer. "Admirers Honor the Spirit of Robert Penn Warren." New York Times, November 15, 1989, pp. 11, 28.

Feeney, Mark. "The Nation's Man of Letters." Boston Globe, September 16, 1989, p. 1.

Greenberg, Paul. "A Great Work That Is Almost Enough." Washington Times, September 26, 1989, p. F3.

Grimshaw, James A., Jr. "Robert Penn Warren: A Reminiscence." Gettysburg Review, 3 (Winter 1990), 207-213.

Hamblin, Robert W. "Robert Penn Warren at the 1965 Southern Literary Festival: A Personal Recollection." Southern Literary Journal, 22 (Spring 1990), 53-62.

Harris, Scott. "Robert Penn Warren Dies; Revered for Poems, Novels." Los Angeles Times, September 16, 1989, p. 11.

Kastor, Elizabeth. "Robert Penn Warren: A Voyage to the Heart." Washington Post, September 16, 1989, C1, C3.

Kilian, Michael. "Novelist, Poet and Playwright Robert Penn Warren Dies at 84." Chicago Tribune, September 16, 1989, Sec. 1, p. 8.

Olney, James. "On the Death and Life of Robert Penn Warren." Southern Review, 26 (Winter 1990), 13-15.

Parini, Jay. "Warren's Genius and Geniality." USA Today, September 27, 1989, D4.

Pope, John. "'All the King's Men' Author Warren Dies in His Sleep at 84." Times-Picayune, September 16, 1989, A1.

Rubin, Louis D. "The State of Letters: R.P.W., 1905-1989." Sewanee Review, 98 (Spring 1990), 236-243.

Sheffer, Thomas A. "Robert Penn Warren: A Twentieth Century Tale." Poem. Sewanee Review, 98 (Spring 1990), 243-245.

Simpson, Lewis P. "Robert Penn Warren and the South." Southern Review, 26 (Winter 1990), 7-12.

Stanford, Donald E. "Robert Penn Warren and The Southern Review." Southern Review, 26 (Winter 1990), 5-6.

Sullivan, Walter. "Robert Penn Warren." Sewanee Review, 97 (Fall 1989), 629-630.

Weatherby, W.J. "A Great Southern Writer." Guardian (England), September 16, 1989, 21.