Growth of livestock production in Pakistan: an analysis.

Chaudhry, M. Ghaffar ; Ahmad, Munir ; Chaudhry, Ghulam Mustafa 等

A major objective of this paper is to review the growth performance of Pakistan's livestock sub-sector. While over time the growth rate of livestock production has been good, it has exhibited considerable variation from product to product and period to period. Poultry production exhibited high growth rates until 1984-85, but turned negative during 1994-95 to 1997-98. Also, there was hardly any growth in beef production in the latter period. Improved feed can contribute significantly to dairy and poultry production, but its contribution remains limited. Progress in livestock sub-sector has been mainly the result of growing number of animals rather than rising productivity per animal.

1. INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the backbone and single largest sector of Pakistan's economy as its contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) exceeded 25.3 percent during 1997-98. Crops, livestock, fishing and forestry sub-sectors being its main components, only crop and livestock sub-sectors are of critical importance. They accounted for 59.6 and 36.2 percent of the sector's output respectively. Because of the ongoing process of structural transformation, agriculture's share in the national economy is shrinking. From 39 percent of GDP in 1969-70 it has fallen to its current levels [Pakistan (1999a)]. The livestock sub-sector however has not followed suit. It has risen from 27.3 percent in 1969-70 to 36.2 percent in 1997-98. This trend in fact would be more pronounced if the national accounts did not underestimate the sub-sector's components such as farm yard manure, dung cakes for household fuels and animal draft power.

Apart from its contributions to national income, the livestock sub-sector is an active employer of thousands of landless poor and subsistence and semi-subsistence small farming families. Being a household activity, women are a special beneficiary of employment in the sub-sector. It is a major source of nourishment like milk, butter oil, eggs and meat and adds immensely to the health, nutrition and well being of rural as well as urban people. While animal fat and butter oil supplies are helpful in containing vegetable oil imports, many products of livestock origin such as wool and wool products, leather and leather made-ups and animal casings are exported and contribute significantly to hard earned foreign exchange [Ahmad, Ahmad and Chaudhry (1996)].

It follows from the above that the livestock sub-sector is likely to maintain its position as the dominant sub-sector of Pakistan's agricultural sector or even that of the national economy for quite sometime in the future. Despite the rising and critical importance of the sub-sector, there, however, is no corresponding emphasis on analysing its achievements, problems and future prospects and likely policies to brighten these up. In view of this limitation, the present paper makes a limited attempt to study the growth process of the livestock sub-sector. Towards this end, Section 2 following the present introductory section, reports on growth trend of various products of livestock sector between 1972-73 and 1996-97 on the basis of different sub-periods. In Section 3, factor productivity analysis is undertaken for explaining the growth process in terms of factor inputs and technological breakthroughs in the sector. The final Section 4 presents a summary of major findings and makes policy recommendations.

2. GROWTH TREND OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS

The livestock sub-sector in Pakistan comprises a variety of animals like camels, horses, mules, donkeys, buffaloes, cows, goats, sheep and poultry birds. Being an intermediate stock of capital, the main function of the animals is to transform roughages, feed and fodder inputs into livestock products which for the present purpose have a more direct relevance than the number of animals itself. It may be noted that wool, hair, hides, skins, eggs, poultry meat, mutton, beef and milk are some of the more important livestock products (1) in terms of value added and form the crux of the following analysis of trend growth rates. In order to put things in their proper perspective, the following Table 1 reports on intertemporal growth rates of gross values of each product at 1979-80 prices. To avoid year to year output fluctuations, these growth rates were based on the three year averages centred at the beginning and end years of each period. For the interested readers, the yearly data of gross values is included in Appendix Table A.

It is clear from Table 1 that the growth of livestock production varied considerably from time to time. For example, the annual growth rate with slight acceleration over the years hardly exceeded 3.0 percent during most of the 1970s. It continued to accelerate throughout the Eighties and reached the highest levels of 4.50 and 5.74 percent per annum during the first and second halves of the Eighties respectively. The growth rates, however slipped down to 5.66 percent during the early 1990s and further to 4.88 percent between 1994-95 and 1996-97.

The trend in livestock production was mainly shaped by output trends in wool, skins, poultry, mutton and beef. By contrast, milk, hides and hair production continued to witness consistently accelerating growth rates throughout the entire period under consideration. Deceleration in growth rates since 1989-90 and actual decline in output since 1994-95 in the case of mutton, skins and wool are particularly noteworthy and can be attributed to falling and negative growth rates of sheep during the respective two periods [Pakistan (1999a)]. The general decline in the growth rates of livestock production and most of livestock products may have been induced by the deepening recession and poor performance of the national economy in recent years [Pakistan (1999a)]. In the late 1990s, restrictions on meals at marriage ceremonies further reduced chicken and animal slaughtering with adverse effects on the growth of chicken meat, mutton and skins.

3. EXPLAINING PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS

The trends in growth can be explained in the light of contributions of various factors of production such as land, labour, capital and technological process. It may, however, be noted at the outset that because of complementarities of inputs and embodiment of technological change, precise calculation of the input contribution is neither possible nor is tried here [Nadiri (1970)]. What is intended is to look at the contributions made by the number of animals, inputs such as feeds, fodder and roughages and progress of technology (inherently reflected in our estimates of total or aggregate factor productivity). Using fairly standard methodology, the following Table 2 provides a birds eye view of productivity trends in the livestock sub-sector with specific emphasis on growth rates of total production, number of animals, aggregate inputs and total factor productivity.

Table 2 points to a number of conclusions. Looking at the total period under consideration, nearly 57 percent of the total increase in livestock production is attributable to increasing number of animals over time. The quantitative improvements in roughages, fodder and animal feeds in aggregate accounted for another 21 percent of total increase in livestock production. This leaves an unexplained residual of 22 percent which can be assumed as a contribution of technological progress to Pakistan's livestock sub-sector.

It should, however, be noted that growth rates of animals, aggregate inputs and hence those of partial (per animal) and total factor productivities (aggregate) have varied considerably from time to time. For example, the annual growth rate of number of animals which was in excess of 3.3 percent during the early Seventies, had fallen to a mere 2.0 percent in the second half of the Seventies. It continued to accelerate throughout the Eighties to lie at 3.17 percent in the latter part of the decade. In the first and second halves of 1990s, the respective growth rates were 2.43 and 2.58 percent per annum.

Despite the up and down movement of the animal growth rate, the productivity per animal has witnessed accelerating growth rates only until the mid-Nineties. The negative productivity during 1972-73 to 1974-75 peaked to 3.2 percent during the early 1990s, decelerating to 2.3 percent in the subsequent period of 1994-95 to 1997-98.

The growth of aggregate inputs, although considerably lower, followed the pattern of annual growth rates of number of animals. Of the seven periods under consideration, only two had an annual growth rate exceeding 1.6 percent but the remaining five periods were conspicuously marked by less than 1.00 percent annual growth.

To the extent that trends in aggregate productivity are dampened by trends in aggregate inputs, the growth rates of the former should be expected to be lower than those of partial productivity or productivity per animal. This seems to be reflected by calculations reported in Table 2. Like the partial productivity, the growth of technological change peaked at 3.0 percent during 1989-90 to 1994-95. With the exception of this period, the contribution of technological progress to livestock production was either negative or had hardly exceeded 1.0 percent per annum.

In spite of the low contribution of technological progress to production in livestock sub-sector relative to the crop production sub-sector, the former sector witnessed higher growth rates than the latter sector [Chaudhry, Chaudhry and Qasim (1996)]. The underlying reason seems to be the relative price situation in the two sub-sectors. The producer prices in the case of major agricultural commodities are controlled by the government which permits only limited increases to avoid antagonism of consumers and industrialists. On the other hand, the government has followed a policy of indiscriminate increase in the prices of key agricultural inputs with a view to eliminating all kinds of input subsidies under the World Bank pressures. As a result, the profitability of major agricultural crops has consistently been on the decline [Ahmad and Chaudhry (1987) and Afzal et al. (1992)]. Given this situation, farmers apparently have responded only half-heartedly resulting in staggered output increases. By contrast, livestock sector was neither controlled by government nor it faced a grim price situation. In fact, the high income elasticity of demand in the neighbourhood of 0.80 [Gotsch and Timmer (1967)] and exceeding 1.0 in the case of certain products [Burney and Akmal (1991) and Akmal (1994)] ensured high demand conditions and rapidly rising prices for all times to come. As a result farmers were positively induced to make all out efforts to benefit from market signals.

4. SUMMARY AND POLICY OPTIONS

One of the major objectives of this paper has been to review the growth performance of Pakistan's livestock sub-sector. While the long term growth rate of livestock production has been good, it has exhibited considerable variation from product to product and period to period. Poultry production exhibited high growth rates until 1984-85. They turned negative during 1994-95 to 1997-98. Also, there was hardly any growth in beef production in the latter period. Improved feed that could contribute significantly to dairy and poultry production, remains limited. Progress in livestock sub-sector has been mainly the result of growing number of animals rather than rising productivity per animal.

The analysis of this paper underlines the importance of technology in the livestock sub-sector especially the use of artificial insemination. For this purpose all necessary infrastructure especially refrigeration must be placed at the disposal of insemination centres which need to be widely spread throughout the country side.

Secondly, livestock holders must be provided with adequate incentives by ensuring a fair share in consumer prices not only to induce them to adopt the latest technologies but also to reward their efforts. Livestock extension services can be particularly helpful in convincing the farmers to adopt modern husbandry practices. By way of ensuring fair prices to farmers, animal sales, on live-weight basis, as in the case of poultry, should be encouraged in livestock markets.

Thirdly, most of the livestock feed markets are still in their infancy and suffer from inadequate competition. They are typically characterised by monopoly positions of one kind or another and lack any quality control. There may thus be the need to ensure adequate supply of quality and balanced animal feed through imposition of penalties for illicit trade practices.

Finally, the low productivity of animals can also be attributed to widespread incidence of animal diseases and lack of animal husbandry services apart from poor feed quality [Iqbal (1994) and Iqbal and Ahmad (1999)]. The provision of these services to each and every corner of the rural areas is an absolute need.

Comments

The study is focused on a very important sector of Pakistan's economy i.e., Growth of Livestock Production: An Analysis.

The paper reviews the growth performance of Pakistan's livestock sub-sector from 1970-71 to 1997-98 (28 Years). The authors have used Total Factor Productivity (TFP) analysis for explaining the growth process in terms of factor inputs and technological breakthrough.

I have some observations on using TFP. As an index for measuring sustainability it does have some drawbacks:

* Data requirements are quite demanding. Detailed data for a number of years are required to form a significant trend that can be very expensive to obtain.

* Some of the computational procedures are quite demanding and it is not clear which index from the number of possible indexes i.e., Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher, and Divisia one should choose.

* The index number problem would still remain when considering the prices to be used as weights, they must reflect their long-term economic value which is difficult to calculate (Iynam and Herdt).

* It is not obvious that one can obtain the correct data or even define the data correctly.

* It is difficult to identify turning points in the TFP index when projected into future.

Partial Productivity Analysis measures the ratio of total output to a single input. Partial Productivity measures can be a good performance measure input (labour/Feed for example) is the dominant input in production and the input mix of the other input do not change over time.

In brief, this study is a significant contribution to the literature, which provides the bases for a development policy. However, it could be more useful by including the following points.

What are the overall conclusions? Give more in depth analysis at your findings. You need to do more analysis and interpretation of results, not just description. The conclusion needs expansion to include implication.

I complement the authors for attempting a paper on a subject, which is very important for policy formulation.

This paper is a good attempt and I hope that next time the authors would come up with its better and complete version.

Muhammad Abdul Quddus

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Islamabad.

Appendix Table A

Gross Value (Rs 000) of Livestock Sector Output at 1979-80 Prices *

 Gross Value (Ks 000) of

Period Wool Hairs Hides Skins Eggs

1971-72 320710 10029 425485 763420 291500
1972-73 352636 10721 425485 814625 347500
1973-74 378757 11758 435380 903070 405500
1974-75 410683 12796 445275 977550 453500
1975-76 445511 14179 445275 1061340 579500
1976-77 467278 14870 455170 1098580 721500
1977-78 489046 15562 465065 1135820 778500
1978-79 513716 16600 474960 1173060 902500
1979-80 538386 17291 484855 1214955 1047000
1980-81 564507 18329 484855 1252195 1159500
1981-82 590628 19020 494750 1298745 1332000
1982-83 619652 20058 514540 1340640 1600000
1983-84 654480 21441 524435 1387190 1809500
1984-85 692210 22824 534330 1433740 2049500
1985-86 616749 22133 534330 1331330 1730000
1986-87 632712 23170 544225 1377880 1900000
1987-88 648675 24208 554120 1424430 2070000
1988-89 664638 25245 564015 1475635 2150000
1989-90 680601 26283 573910 1531495 2335000
1990-91 698015 27320 583805 1522185 2245000
1991-92 715429 28703 593700 1578045 2457000
1992-93 732843 28012 603595 1675800 2582000
1993-94 750257 31124 613490 1759590 2870000
1994-95 770574 32508 623385 1829415 2963500
1995-96 552898 53949 692650 1522185 2878500
1996-97 555800 56024 702545 1605975 3007500
1997-98 558702 57753 722335 1643215 2868500
1998-99 561605 59828 742125 1689765 2969000

 Gross Value (Ks 000) of

Period Milk Beef Mutton Poultry Total Output

1971-72 24336000 2307820 3346720 20300 31821984
1972-73 24644880 2327830 3604160 27550 32555386
1973-74 25097280 2361180 3942050 34800 33569775
1974-75 25499760 2381190 4263850 39150 34483753
1975-76 26045760 2414540 4633920 49300 35689325
1976-77 26594880 2501250 4875270 53650 36782449
1977-78 27156480 2594630 5132710 59450 37827263
1978-79 27730560 2694680 5390150 63800 38960026
1979-80 28314000 2788060 5663680 71050 40139277
1980-81 28913040 2894780 5953300 75400 41315906
1981-82 29521440 2988160 6259010 82650 42586404
1982-83 30145440 3094880 6564720 108750 44008680
1983-84 31955040 3254960 7015240 124700 46746986
1984-85 33870720 3421710 7514030 143550 49682615
1985-86 37602240 4002000 7610570 182700 53632052
1986-87 39527280 4202100 8157630 194300 56559298
1987-88 41555280 4408870 8720780 223300 59629663
1988-89 43689360 4628980 9348290 249400 62795563
1989-90 45935760 4875770 9991890 227650 66178359
1990-91 48300720 5102550 10699850 218950 69398395
1991-92 50793600 5356010 11472170 245050 73239708
1992-93 53414400 5629480 12276670 384250 77327050
1993-94 56178720 5916290 13145530 429200 81694202
1994-95 59236320 6209770 14078750 446600 86190821
1995-96 71666400 5989660 9444830 514750 93315821
1996-97 73569600 6129730 9686180 561150 95874504
1997-98 75550800 6269800 9927530 411800 98010435
1998-99 77613120 6423210 10184970 430650 100674272

* The data regarding livestock products have been obtained from
Pakistan (1999a) valued at average wholesale prices of fair average
quality for the year 1979-80. The prices are Rs 580.47/40kg,
138.33/40kg and 98.95 each for wool, hair and hides, respectively;
price for skin is weighted average and the weights are shares of
sheep and goat numbers in 1979-80--Rs 46.55 = 61.25 x 0.46 (sheep)
+ 34.03 x 0.54 (goat); prices of milk, beef, mutton, chicken meat
and eggs respectively are Rs 3.12/litre, 6.67/kg, 16.09/kg,
10.45/kg (=15.60/kg live*0.67) and 0.50/each [Pakistan (1981)].

Appendix Table B

Gross Value (Rs 000) of Livestock Feeds at 1979-80 Prices *

 Gross Value (Rs 000) of Contents of
 Feed and Total

Period Wheat Bajra Jawar Maize

1971-72 201601 390645 24925 218832
1972-73 217753 329878 24126 219142
1973-74 223225 380879 30197 238077
1974-75 224512 288643 21250 231869
1975-76 254299 334219 22448 249251
1976-77 267553 337474 20851 237146
1977-78 244818 345070 22688 254838
1978-79 291137 343985 20132 248010
1979-80 317676 300580 19892 271600
1980-81 335759 232217 18374 301088
1981-82 330755 295154 17975 288672
1982-83 363234 238728 17735 311952
1983-84 318407 277792 17735 314746
1984-85 342430 308176 18374 319091
1985-86 407387 279962 17495 313194
1986-87 351588 252834 18853 344854
1987-88 370871 146492 14460 349821
1988-89 421900 218110 19812 373722
1989-90 418886 221366 20931 365962
1990-91 426172 212685 19093 367824
1991-92 458914 150832 17975 373411
1992-93 472754 111768 19013 367514
1993-94 445132 149747 16936 376515
1994-95 497479 247409 21010 409107
1995-96 494699 175790 20371 398243
1996-97 487208 158428 17495 390794
1997-98 546986 228961 18853 388310

 Gross Value (Rs 000) of Contents of
 Feed and Total

 Pulses &
Period Barley Cotton Seed Guar Seed Feed Total

1971-72 80698 660593 261596 1838891
1972-73 85399 655921 266019 1798239
1973-74 109687 615743 310883 1908691
1974-75 107337 592384 279921 1745916
1975-76 101852 480261 329049 1771379
1976-77 97152 406447 330597 1697219
1977-78 94801 537257 290757 1790230
1978-79 101069 441952 304121 1750406
1979-80 92451 680214 213384 1895796
1980-81 137892 668067 218155 1911552
1981-82 123790 698901 225011 1980258
1982-83 144944 769913 274171 2120675
1983-84 109687 462508 303426 1804302
1984-85 103419 941835 309208 2342533
1985-86 104986 1128707 316001 2567732
1986-87 104986 1223077 332745 2628939
1987-88 87750 1371640 223178 2564211
1988-89 96368 1332397 337200 2799509
1989-90 102636 1360428 339759 2829967
1990-91 111254 1529547 314674 2981249
1991-92 109687 2037839 280647 3429306
1992-93 123790 1438914 242577 2776330
1993-94 114388 1278204 251012 2631936
1994-95 128491 1381918 310314 2995728
1995-96 136326 1683717 347247 3256393
1996-97 117522 1489370 314453 2975270
1997-98 117522 1460405 366930 3127968

* Reported values represent 2 percent of wheat, 50 percent of Bajra, 5
percent of Jawar, 20 percent of Maize, 48 percent of Barley, 28
percent of Cotton seed [Pakistan (1999a)] and 15 percent of Pulses and
Guar seed of total production [Pakistan (1999 and various issues)] and
these percentages are computed from the FAO food balance sheets
downloaded from the internet. The prices to value these feed contents
respectively are average whole prices for the year 1979-80: Rs 58.52,
63.91, 86.81, 62.08, 65.29, 66.74 and 84.25 per 40kg for Wheat, Jawar,
Bajra, Maize, Barley, Cotton seed and Gram, respectively [Pakistan
(1981)].

Appendix Table C

Gross Value (Rs 000) of Livestock Roughages, Feed and Fodder at
1979-80 Prices and Total Number of Animal Units *

 Gross Value (Rs 000) of

Period Roughage Feed Fodder Total Inputs Animal Units

1971-72 1540503 1838891 9074775 12454168 35362
1972-73 1636467 1798239 9042773 12477479 36276
1973-74 1708161 1908691 9010884 12627736 37175
1974-75 1676978 1745916 8979107 12402001 38201
1975-76 1907534 1771379 8306267 11985180 40794
1976-77 2019365 1697219 8721246 12437830 40135
1977-78 1936873 1790230 8889039 12616143 40949
1978-79 2216897 1750406 9357059 13324362 41768
1979-80 2348806 1895796 9078379 13322981 42781
1980-81 2457161 1911552 9108035 13476749 43791
1981-82 2504313 1980258 9137545 13622115 44562
1982-83 2654673 2120675 9167151 13942498 45686
1983-84 2411594 1804302 9196852 13412748 46768
1984-85 2521877 2342533 9226650 14091060 48037
1985-86 2776142 2567732 9256317 14600190 51982
1986-87 2584863 2628939 9062837 14276640 53113
1987-88 2665047 2564211 8893043 14122301 54481
1988-89 2950176 2799509 9403094 15152779 55870
1989-90 2928975 2829967 9304686 15063629 57402
1990-91 2976808 2981249 9428780 15386837 58284
1991-92 3163063 3429306 8767948 15360317 59671
1992-93 3211012 2776330 8853012 14840354 60951
1993-94 3243049 2631936 8818987 14693972 62743
1994-95 3446838 2995728 9128554 15571119 64580
1995-96 3504313 3256393 9057500 15818206 66076
1996-97 3500633 2975270 8844406 15320309 67752
1997-98 3884118 3127968 8937142 15949228 69674

* Total inputs include total feed, fodder, and roughages. The fodder
data is compiled from two sources: 1971-72 to 1973-74 interpolated on
the basis of Agricultural Census data 1970-71 [Pakistan (1975)];
1980-81 to 1984-85 again interpolated based on the Agriculture Census
data [Pakistan (1983a)]; and the data for all other years is obtained
from the files of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock,
Islamabad. The fodder is valued using cost of production per acre of
Maize for grain purpose, i.e., Rs 1350/acre in 1980-81 [Pakistan
(1983)]. The number of animals represents cow equivalent number
calculated by equating one buffalo to 1.5 cows, and one cow to 5 goats
and sheep and 120 poultry birds [USAID (1973)].

Authors' Note: The responsibility for any errors of omission, commission, or the ideas expressed in this paper lies entirely with the authors.

REFERENCES

Afzal, Muhammad et al. (1992) Review of Agricultural Inputs and Outputs. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Economics 1:2.

Ahmad, Bashir, and M. Ali Chaudhry (1987) Profitability of Pakistan's Agriculture. The Pakistan Development Review 26:4.

Ahmad, Bashir, Munir Ahmad, and M. Aslam Chaudhry (1996) Economics of Livestock Production and Management. Faisalabad: Agricultural Social Sciences Research Centre, University of Agriculture.

Akmal, Muhammad (1994) The Production and Consumption of Livestock Food in Pakistan: A Look into the Future. The Pakistan Development Review 33:1.

Burney, Nadeem A., and Muhammad Akmal (1991) An Application of the Extended Linear Expenditure Model. Journal of Agricultural Economics 42:2.

Gotsch, Carl H., and C. Peter Timmer (1969) A Consistent Estimate of the Value of Animal Products in West Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review 7:4.

Iqbal, M. (1994) Major Constraints to Livestock Production in Pakistan. Paper Presented at the First SAARC Training Programme on Socio-economic Techniques to Identify Constraints to Agricultural Production in Pakistan, May 29-31.

Iqbal, Muzaffar, and Munir Ahmad (1999) Livestock Production Potential in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development review 38:4.

Nadiri, M. Ishaq (1970) Some Approaches to the Theory and Management of Total Factor Productivity: A Survey. Journal Economic Literature 85:4.

Pakistan (1975) Pakistan Census of Agriculture 1972: All Pakistan Report. Vol. 2. Lahore: Agricultural Census Organisation.

Pakistan, Government of (1981) Pakistan Statistical Year Book 1980. Karachi: Statistical Division.

Pakistan, Government of (1983) A Study on Cost of Production of Crops: Maize 1980-81. Islamabad: Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Corporatives, Food and Agriculture Division (Planning Unit), Economic Studies Branch.

Pakistan, Government of (1983a) Pakistan Census of Agriculture 1980. Vol. 3. Lahore: Agricultural Census Organisation.

Pakistan, Government of (1999 and Various Issues) Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 1997-98. Islamabad: Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock.

Pakistan, Government of (1999a) Economic Survey 1998-99. Islamabad: Finance Division, Economic Advisor's Wing.

USAID (1973) Livestock Production and Marketing in Pakistan: Preliminary Report. Islamabad.

(1) Apart from these products, animals are also a source of other products like farm yard manure, dung cakes, draft power, bones, blood, horns and hoofs but have been excluded from the present analysis for lack of time series data on their quantifies and prices.

M. Ghaffar Chaudhry, Munir Ahmad and Ghulam Mustafa Chaudhry are respectively Joint Director, Senior Research Economist and Staff Economist at the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.

Table 1

Annual Growth Rates of Gross Values of Livestock Products
Since 1972-73 to Date

 Annual Growth Rate (Percent)
 of Gross Values for the Period

 1972-73 1974-75 1979-80 1984-85
 to to to to
Animal Products 1974-75 1979-80 1984-85 1989-90

wool 8.34 5.53 3.96 0.80
Hair 9.11 6.16 4.92 3.50
Hides 1.53 1.73 1.98 1.57
Skins 8.89 4.35 2.67 1.75
Eggs 17.35 16.67 12.45 3.79
Poultry Meat 22.12 11.27 16.49 9.07
Mutton 8.52 5.78 5.42 6.29
Beef 1.14 3.20 4.97 6.47
Milk 1.72 2.08 4.01 5.93
All Products 232 3.43 4.50 5.74

 Annual Growth Rate
 (Percent) of Gross
 Values for the Period

 1989-90 1994-95 1972-73
 to to to
Animal Products 1994-95 1996-97 1996-97

wool 0.30 -0.1 1.94
Hair 8.32 19.43 7.08
Hides 2.31 4.73 2.10
Skins 2.45 -3.38 2.76
Eggs 5.30 0.24 0.26
Poultry Meat 14.85 3.43 12.80
Mutton 4.07 -10.98 4.17
Beef 6.40 0.75 4.11
Milk 6.29 8.64 6.66
All Products 5.66 4.88 4.58

Source: [Appendix Table A].

* Annual growth rates based on three year averages centred
at the beginning and end years of the period concerned.

Table 2

Annual Growth Rates of Partial and Total Factor Productivities
of Livestock Sub-sector Since 1972-73 to 1997-98

 Annual Growth Rates
 (Percent) of

 Livestock Animal Total
Time Period Production Numbers Inputs

1972-73 to 1974-75 2.92 3.33 -0.73
1974-75 to 1979-80 3.03 2.01 1.63
1979-80 to 1984-85 4.50 2.72 0.97
1984-85 to 1989-90 5.74 3.17 1.61
1989-90 to 1994-95 5.66 2.43 0.21
1994-95 to 1997-98 4.88 2.58 1.08
1972-73 to 1997-98 4.58 2.64 0.95

 Annual Growth Rates
 (Percent) of

 Productivity
Tune Period Per Animal Aggregate

1972-73 to 1974-75 -0.41 0.32
1974-75 to 1979-80 1.02 -0.61
1979-80 to 1984-85 1.78 0.81
1984-85 to 1989-90 2.57 0.96
1989-90 to 1994-95 3.23 3.02
1994-95 to 1997-98 2.30 1.22
1972-73 to 1997-98 1.94 0.99

Source: [Appendix Tables A, B and C].

* Annual Growth rates based on three year averages centred at the
beginning and end years of the period concerned.