The color issue: an introduction.

Alexander, Michael Scott ; Haynes, Bruce D.

During the early days of the Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King Jr. often described eleven o'clock Sunday morning as "the most segregated hour in this nation." He might have also noted a lack of diversity during Saturday morning Shabbat services. It is with an acknowledgement that such questions of color continue to define and divide Jewry in America today that the editors have chosen to explore the lived identities of Jews in this special "color issue" of American Jewish History.

Who are Jews of color? In America, the term itself has been growing in usage by many African Jews, Caribbean Jews, Latino Jews, Asian Jews, and other Jews who consider themselves nonwhite. In his recent analysis of the 2000 National Jewish Population Survey, social demographer Bruce A. Phillips estimates that 10.8 percent of those in Generation X and Generation Y currently identify as Jews of color. The growth in Jews of color among the young represents a clear trend upward from the 6.8 percent of Jewish baby boomers who consider themselves people of color, and the 3.9 percent of the Silent Generation who identify as other than non-Hispanic white. At the current rate, we would expect Jews of color to represent close to 20 percent of the next generation.

As the number of Jews of color increases alongside people of color in the general American population, color issues for greater American Jewry will likely grow in importance. At the turn of the twentieth century, American Jewry witnessed competing narratives among Central and Eastern European Jewish immigrants, with the former seeking to disallow the Eastern European immigrants the legitimacy of their culture and traditions, and also insinuating that Eastern European Jews occupied an inferior racial position. The rejection experienced today by some nonwhite Jews follows something of a similar pattern, as several of the articles herein indicate. Yet this volume also makes clear that the vitality of Jewry in America is beyond the domination of any single institution or ethnic group.

Because historical scholarship about Jews of color remains in its infancy, this volume, edited by two scholars from separate disciplines (history and sociology), utilizes the perspectives of a variety of disciplines to explore the area at the nexus of assimilation, color, and race. These are themes with which AJH readers will already be well acquainted.

We begin with sociologist Kelly Amanda Train, who uses in-depth ethnographic interviews to explore the distinct histories of Indian Jews in Toronto's Bene Israel of North America congregation. Her account reveals the strained and often racially charged interactions between the congregation's Indian community and the majority Ashkenazi community. Historian Rebecca L. Davis explores the startling 1950s conversion to Judaism of the African-American entertainer Sammy Davis Jr. We then turn to linguist Sarah Bunin Benor, who looks at how black Jews utilize a repertoire of distinctive linguistic features as strategies in managing their self-presentations as black and Jewish. Bruce A. Phillips then traces the history of Jewish neighborhood migrations in Los Angeles across the twentieth century. Judging from the pattern he reveals of Jewish residential concentration "by preference," he wonders whether scholars should best be studying the formation of "ethnoburbs" and comparing Jewish residential patterns to those of nonwhite groups such as Asian Americans. We end the exchange with an essay by the Afro-Jewish philosopher Lewis R. Gordon, who challenges assumptions about Jewish demography and history as he explores the problems facing Jews of color who have been "hidden in proverbial plain sight."

The editors regret that they were unable to secure an article regarding advances in population genetics and their possible meanings for American Jewish history. Such scientific developments will certainly be among the most important influences on Jewish identity and Jewish historiography in the current century. These advances may prove especially crucial for claims to legitimacy in the future. (1)

Lastly, this volume includes a separate article by Nancy Sinkoff under the AJH banner "From the Archives." The piece recounts the remarkable work of Lucy S. Dawidowicz in 1946 to attain from war-torn Europe what was left of the great archive of the Yiddish Scientific Institute (YIVO). Ashkenazi Jews were the greatest victims of racial violence in the last century and Dawidowicz's work to retain and legitimate the cultural property of that population is a purpose not entirely different from our own aspirations in these pages.

Michael Scott Alexander, University of California, Riverside

Bruce D. Haynes, University of California, Davis

(1.) For instance, the Cohen Modal Haplotype has been found among the Bene Israel of India, a group discussed in this volume by Kelly Amanda Train, although without reference to genetic issues. See Tudor Parfitt and Yulia Egorova, "Genetics, History, and Identity: The Case of the Bene Israel and the Lemba," Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 29, June 2005, 193-224.