Periodical literature bibliometric analysis: a case study of four international journals.

Sethi, Bipin Bihari ; Maharana, Bulu ; Mohanty, Barada Kanta 等

1. Background Study

The examination of the research publication and its contributions is a buzzing area of research in the field of library and information science. Bibliometrics, Scientometrics, Citation Study, and Content analysis are the concepts supplementary and complementary to each other in their respective applications in the field in the domain of research which are most familiar tools extremely and extensively used by the scholars, researchers and academics across the globe. This technique has been put forth over the present study to evaluate research productivity at a global context to induce necessary inferences.

To avoid confusion it would be worthwhile to point out here that, though the data undertaken from papers indexed in Science Direct Bibliographic Database top 25 hottest papers of journals such as: 1st "Language Sciences" (LS), 2nd "Linguistics and Education" (L&E), and 3rd 'Political Geography' (PG), under the time period 2005-2013, while the journal "Religion" (Rgn) covers the time period 2005-2010, but the table no. 2 indicates the actual year of publication of these papers in concerned source journals.

2. Introduction:

Bibliometrics and scientometrics are the two closely related approaches for measuring scientific publications and science in general, respectively. In practice, much of the work that fall under this header involves various types of citation analysis, which looks at how scholars cite one another in publications. In the context of this toolkit, bibliometrics are also one of the key ways of measuring the impact of scholarly publications. 'Scientometrics' is often done using bibliometrics which is a measurement of the impact of (scientific) publications. Modern scientometrics is mostly based on the work of Derek J. de Solla Price and Eugene Garfield. The latter founded the Institute for Scientific Information which is heavily used for scientometric analysis. Methods of research include qualitative, quantitative and computational approaches. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientometrics/ accessed on 15.12.11).

Bibliometrics is a type of research method being used in LIS. It is an emerging area of research in the LIS field. The quantitative analysis and statistics to describe patterns of publication within a given field of literature are utilized. Researchers use bibliometric methods of evaluation to determine the influence of a single author or to describe the relationship between two or more authors or works. Bibliometric studies can also be used to study the regional patterns of research, the extent of cooperation between research groups and national research profiles. The main derivatives of bibliometrics are: publication counts, citation counts, co-citation analysis, co-word analysis, scientific 'mapping' and citations in patents. The word 'bibliometric' has been derived from the Latin and Greek words 'biblio' and 'metrics' which refer to the application of mathematics to the study of bibliography (Thanuskodi, 2010, p.78).

The term bibliometrics was coined by Alan Pritchard in a paper published in 1969, titled Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics? He defined the term as "the application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other media of communication".

Bibliometrics is statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles. Bibliometric methods are frequently used in the field of library and information science, including scientometrics. For instance, bibliometrics are used to provide quantitative analysis of academic literature. Analysis and content analysis are commonly used bibliometric methods. Many research fields use bibliometric methods to explore the impact of their field, [3] the impact of a set of researchers, or the impact of a particular paper. Bibliometrics also has a wide range of other applications, such as in descriptive linguistics, the development of thesauri, and evaluation of reader usage.

Historically bibliometric methods have been used to trace relationships amongst academic journal citations. Citation analysis, which involves examining an item's referring documents, is used in searching for materials and analyzing their merit. [4] Citation indices, such as Institute for Scientific Information's Web of Science, allow users to search forward in time from a known article to more recent publications which cite the known item. (Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliometrics)

3. Scope & Objective of the Study:

The scope of the study encompasses four international journals viz., 1st "Language Sciences" (LS), 2nd "Linguistics and Education" (L&E), and 3rd 'Political Geography' (PG), and 4th "Religion (Rgn)" indexed at Science Direct Database under the heading Top 25 Hottest Articles. The study accounts a total of 3300 papers adding 900 (Nine hundred) each from three journals, and 600 (Six hundred) from journal 'Religion' categorically. For clarity it may be noted here that, data on the papers of journal "Religion" from the year 2011-2013 are not available under the heading top 25 hottest papers site of Science Direct Bibliographic Database, for which the researcher excluded the period from the study. The key objectives of the present study holds to acclaim the following issues are as follows:

i. Nature of Authorship pattern of publication;

ii. Single Vs Multiple authored papers;

iii. Trace the Geographical Distribution/scattering of research publication;

iv. Chronological Growth pattern of literature;

v. Most productive authors of top countries;

vi. Degree of collaboration of authors;

vii. Degree of citation of articles;

viii. Study of length of the papers and

ix. Understanding the changing trends in scholarly research output

4. Methodology Employed

The study specifically concentrates on the Bibliometric analysis is one of the most widely used methods in Library and information science research. It is an examination of the frequency, patterns, and graphs of citations in articles. This study is aimed to discuss about the analysis of the research output of four international journals indexed under Science Direct on-line Database. The relevant sources and data are collected from top 25 hottest papers site of above mentioned database. Based on the available sources the following discussions were made.

Data on papers published in four journals such as: 1st "Language Sciences" (LS), 2nd "Linguistics and Education" (L&E), and 3rd 'Political Geography' (PG), and 4th "Religion (Rgn)" were collected from each downloaded records from Science Direct on-line Bibliographic Database and each data were examined identically to find out the result. All papers included in the analyses which are indexed under the top twenty five hottest papers site of 1st three journals accounting 900 papers each, whereas the 4th journal with 600 papers identically. Further, each items of information processed by developing a database of 3300 down loaded records adding essential fields viz. journal title, article title, 1st author, number of authors, affiliation with institutions, country of origin (considering 1st author), year of publication in source journal, number of citations, length of papers and ranking pattern, etc. using the MS-Excel spread sheet. It may be noticed here that, in case of 4th journal "Religion" due to non-availability of data on papers period from 2011-2015 in top 25 hottest papers site 300 records have been excluded which caused a total 600 records considered under the gamut of the present study. Since, reference counts are not freely available with the abstract site the investigator did not able to analyze the reference pattern of the papers. Finally, all relevant data are then sorted, tabulated, and assimilated in a logical order to draw inferences for the present research.

5. Review of Literature

Lipetz (1999) studied many bibliometric aspects of papers in JASIS by examining volume of 1955, 1965, 1975, 1985 and 1995. One of his findings revealed that the number of scholarly papers published per year in JASIS has grown exponentially from 21 to 68.

Dutt, Garg & Bali (2003) analyzed 1317 papers published in the first fifty volumes of the international journal of Scientometrics during 1978 to 2001. They found that the U.S.A share of papers is constantly declining while that of the Netherlands, India, France and Japan is on the rise. The research output is highly scattered as indicated by the average number of papers per institution.

Mukherjee (2008) analyzed the authorship pattern of scientific productions of the four most productive Indian academic institutions for the eight-year -period from 2000 to 2007. The results show that among four universities, the authors of Delhi University contributed the highest number of articles, followed by Banaras Hindu University. There is also an increasing tendency toward collaborative research among Indian authors as well as more frequent collaboration with international authors. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology are two of the most prolific research areas in these four Indian universities. The average rate of references per item is 28 and the citations received per item are 3.56.

Tian, Wen & Hong (2008) conducted a bibliometric analysis to evaluate global scientific production of Geographic Information System (GIS) papers from 1997 to 2006 in Science Citation Index. Results indicated that GIS research steadily increased over the period and the annual paper production in 2006 was about three times higher comparing to 1997s paper productions.

6. Need of the study

There have been incessant studies on bibliometrics, scientometrics, content analysis etc. which is most familiar among the researchers, scholars, and academicians all over the globe in the field of Library and information science (LIS). The trend has given new dimensions and understanding to the domain of LIS research. However, the very study trace this trend and aims at highlighting the aspects which would be most useful and further encourage the researchers', scholars and library practitioners in enriching their respective research activities and professional exercises with designing a nuance platform to the hub of given research.

7. Analysis and Interpretation of Data

The present study is based on the analysis of the collected data of four international journals indexed under science direct database top 25 hottest papers link which has been represented in the tabular form for the easy understanding of the theme, finding inferences. and meeting the goal of the present research work.

The present study is undertaken pertaining papers indexed under Science Direct Database top 25 hottest papers link during the period 2005-2013 (8 years) of four international journals namely 'Language Sciences (LS)', 'Linguistic & Education (L&E)', 'Political Geography (PG)', and 'Religion (Rgn)' accounts a total 3300 papers, 900 from each 1st, 2nd, and 3rd journals, and 600 from 4th journal as a bibliometric dimention with the key objectives to measure and find a nuanced approach to the strength and weakness of scholarly research output.

To avoid confusion and for clarity it would be worthwhile to state here that, on the basis of the year of publication in the source journal the papers as shown in above table are classified and arranged. It is determined from the that 2005 is the most prolific year for the journals 'Language Sciences', and 'Linguistics and Education' from which a largest number of papers 139 (15.44%), 163 (18.11%) are indexed under top 25 hottest papers site, while the papers of journal 'Political Geography' 254 (28.22%) of the year 2007 and the journal 'Religion' 147 (24.5%) papers of the year 2004 took place under top 25 hottest papers link are found quite significant. Moreover, it is also explored that, the papers indexed under top 25 hottest papers link of all four journals covers the period of publication in original journal categorically 19, 18, 20 and 13 years, accounting papers 900 each as individual share in three journals, except the journal 'Religion' which adds 600 papers to the domain. The above table shows that the maximum number of papers published in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th journals, 139 (15.44%), 163 (18.11%), 254 (28.22%), and 147 (24.5%) during the years 2005, 2005, 2007, and 2004 and the minimum papers (one) in the years 1988, 1995, 1992, and 1985 respectively. The journals on an average has contributed to the top 25 hottest papers domain 47.36, 50, 45 and 46.15 research papers per year.

It is clear from the above analysis that the percentage of single authored papers is more than that of multi-authored papers. In order to shed more light over the pattern of collaboration the present analysis is undertaken. To determine the extent of collaboration in quantitative terms, the formula given by K. Subramanyam is used. The formula is as follows: C =Nm/Nm+Ns Where, C=Degree of Collaboration, Nm=Number of Multi Authored Contributions, NS= Number of Single Authored Contributions. From the data, it has been found that about 700 (77.78%), 680 (75.56%), 651 (72.33%), and 508 (84.66%) papers have been produced solely by single authors, while remaining frequency 200 (22.22%), 220 (24.44%), 249 (27.66%), and 92 (15.33%) papers Produced in collaboration in all four journals as confirms the above table. Since, the degree of collaboration or value of 'C' in the present study is found 0.22, 0.24, 0.29, and 0.15 in all four journals, it is seemingly clear that single authorship is very common trend in these journals, which is dominant over multi pattern. Nonetheless, it is expounded that, the total number of authors involved in research productivity are 1214, 1229,1279, and 795 in producing papers 900 each in 1st three journals and 600 in 4th journal as the study denotes categorically.

The table- 7.4 shows the top 15 most productive authors identified from four international journals i. e. 'Language Sciences', 'Linguistics and Education', 'Political Geography' and 'Religion' with publications range 14 47, 12-27, 19-35 and 10-29 respectively. Yuh-Fang Chang is the most productive author affiliated to institution 'National Chung Hsing University ', Angela Creese affiliated to institution 'University of Birmingham', Arturo Escobar affiliated to institution 'University of North Carolina' and Henry Munson associated to institution 'University of Maine' identically in 4 journals with publications 47, 27, 35 and 29, which accounts about 5.22%, 3%, 3.88% and 4.83% of the total publications found quite encouraging. Moreover, the top 15 authors account about 349 (38.77%), 281 (31.22%), 384 (42.66%) and 239 (39.83%) papers in separate journals out of total publications undertaken for the present study. Besides, to track the publication trend of top second author it is explored that, the author Cliff Goddard affiliated to 'University of New England', Vera F utierrezClellen affiliated to 'San Diego State University', Michael K. Goodman associated to 'University of California' and Philip A. Mellor amalgamated with 'University of Leeds' reports 42 (4.67%), 25 (2.78%), 34 (3.83%) and 25 (4.16%)papers to their credit, followed by top 3rd ranking authors Lyle Campbell, Constant Leung, Philippe Le Billon, and Steven Engler being teamed up with the institutions such as: University of Canterbury, King's College London, School of Geography, and University of Leeds Contributed papers 41 (4.56%), 24 (2.67%), 34 (3.83%) and 24 (4%) to their respective journals as the above table connotes. A glance at table 4 emphatically indicates that, average papers per author is 4.20, 4.36, 4.54 and 3.89 found quite closer to each another in four different journals, while average papers per institution is 5.88, 5.92, 5.32 and 7.5 observed which is more than the average contribution of papers per author, but in the same category 1st three journals average institutional value is quite closer to each other, although 4th journal leads a gap among others as the study prompts.

Geographical analysis of papers is another vital factor which is ever intended in bibliometrics studies of research output as the table number 5 discloses above is undertaken for the present work. Out of four, in three journals i. e. 1st 'Language Sciences', 2nd 'Linguistics and Education', and 4th 'Religion' the highest number 208 (23.11%), 354 (39.33%), and 231 (38.5%)papers has been contributed by USA, while in the journal 'Political Geography1 major contributor is UK with 396 (44%) papers. Hence, it is ascertained that, USA is the most productive country in the field of research output across the globe. In 1st journal Australia, UK, France, Taiwan, posed second, third, fourth and fifth place having 111 (12.33%),94 (10.44%),83 (9.22%),and 55 (6.11%) contributions respectively. As regard to 2nd journal the countries such as: UK, Australia, Canada, and Spain achieved second, third, fourth and fifth rank contributing 165 (18.33%), 134 (14.88%), 52 (5.77%), 37 (4.11%) to their credit. With respect to 3rd journal it is noticed that USA, Norway, Australia, and Ireland got second, third, fourth and fifth rank with 275 (30.55%), 48 (5.33%), 33 (3.67%), and 32 (3.56%) papers as their research output. Moreover, in concern to 4th journal it is found that UK, Canada, Netherlands, and Norway schedules their rank producing 102 (17%), 71 (11.83%), 48 (8%), and 20 (3.33%) research papers in the respective journal. Although, UK achieved 1st rank in 3rd journal it might be moot having 2nd rank, in 2nd and 4th journals following USA. However, resultantly it might be worthwhile to say here that USA and UK both are most prolific countries among other top contributors of the globe. In concluding phase the researchers would like to focus over the number of country contributors in different journals as the table shows that, fifteen countries involved in research contribution in 1st two journals, followed by seventeen countries in 3rd journal, while the highest twenty one countries associated with 4th journal respectively.

As shown in Table 7.6, the top twenty institutional contributors of four journals contribute to the respective journal more than fifty percent of total citation and among those journals the 3rd journal's top twenty institutions found proficient having highest number of papers 575 (63.88%), followed by 2nd journal's top twenty institutional contributors with papers 474 (53.66%), 1st journal's top twenty institutional contributors with 465 (51.66%), and 4th journal's top twenty institutional contributors adds 309 (51.5%) papers identically. Moreover, the results as indicated above National Chung Hsing University of Taiwan, University of California from Canada, University of Durham from UK and University of Maine of USA are most productive institutions in four different journals accounting 47 (5.40%), 62 (6.89%), 65 (7.48%) and 30 (5%) papers as their contribution, among which University of Durham (UK) is best one. As regards to institutions, which ranks 2nd with respect to their contribution are University of New England (Australia), University of British Columbia and University of California (USA), and University of Leeds (UK) adds 42 (4.83%), 36 (4%), 51 (5.89%), and 28 (4.66%) papers individually to different four journals, among those University of California (USA) is best one with highest share. Furthermore, with respect to 3rd ranking institutions it is ascertained that, University of Canterbury (New Zealand), University of Technology (China), Durham University (UK) and Mount Royal College (Canada) reserved their positions with 41 (4.71%), 36 (4%), 39 (4.49%), and 24 (4%) papers to different journals, among which University of Canterbury (New Zealand) is the best one having grand share. Moreover, the above table can be viewed as recognizing the remaining top seventeen institutional contributors those who contributed with a range 13-47, 13-62, 13-65, and 10-30 papers in four different journals as the study unearths. In concern to total number of institutions involved in research contribution it is determined that, 150, 127, 156, and 71 institutional contributors involved in research output in four different journals respectively undertaken for the present study.

8: Results and Findings

Overall, findings of this study reported that:

i. The Degree of author collaboration is from range 0.15 to 0.29 found in four journals i.e. Majority of researchers prefers to contribute their papers individually rather than collaborated.

ii. Besides, it might be ascertained from the study that, 2005 is the most prolific year during which the highest 139 (15.44%) and 163 (18,11%) number of papers published in 1st and 2nd journal (source journal) has been indexed under top 25 hottest papers database, while 254 (28.22%) papers from 3rd journal of the year 2007, followed by 147 (24.5%) papers of 2004 from 4th journal took place under the same database is found significant. iii. On the basis of the year of publication of papers in four source journals 45 to 50 papers on an average per year took place in top 25 hottest papers database.

iv. The followings are most interesting to say here that, the authors Yuh-Fang Chang, Angela Creese, Arturo Escobar, Henry Munson, are most prolific contributors to respective four journals having highest number of papers such as: 47 (5.22%), 27 (3%), 35 (3.88%), 29 (4.83%) to their credit of total contribution.

v. Geographical analysis of papers is another vital factor in quantitative analysis of research output determines the most productive countries, as the present study explores USA is the most dominating region having highest contribution i. e. 208 (23.11%), 354 (39.33%), 231 (38.5%) in 1st, 2nd, and 4th journals and UK in 3rd journal with 396 (44%)papers respectively. vi. National Chung Hsing University (Taiwan), University of California (Canada), University of Durham (UK) and University of Maine (USA) are most dominating institutional contributors in four different journals accounting maximum number of papers such as: 47 (5.40%), 62 (6.89%), 65 (7.48%) and 30 (5%) as their research productivity the study unearths.

vii. Applying Chi-Square test it is concluded that, there is significant variation in the average factors of research papers of four journals.

viii. Applying Chi-Square ([x.sub.2]) test using Formula [x.sub.2] (o-e)2/e it is ascertained that: the citation pattern of papers of all four journals are significantly varied from each other.

ix. Chi-Square ([x.sub.2]) test applied over Pagination pattern of papers and resultantly found that, the pagination patterns of papers of all four journals are significantly varied from each other.

9: Conclusion

This study served to develop a greater understanding of the characteristics of scholarly publications over multiple years. Additionally, by comparing the four different journals' research output, the present study confirms the characteristics, features, and patterns of research papers from various angles to reflect the strength and weakness at the arena of global research. Since the vast majority of papers are found single authored, the authors' collaboration is dominated in research practices the study explores. Furthermore, the study discovers, USA is the most productive geographical region, followed by UK from the geographical and institutional contributors' point of view. As the data collected for the present research encompasses a definite period requires further research all over the globe in succeeding decades adding more journals and years of publication of papers under the gamut of new research work. As a concluding remark the investigators earnestly hope and expect the study would be a promising platform for the forthcoming researchers, scholars and library practitioners for their research and day-to-day library activities to promote and support the practices.

Bipin Bihari Sethi

Sambalpur University, Odisha, India

[email protected]

Dr. Bulu Maharana

Sambalpur University, Odisha, India

[email protected]

Barada Kanta Mohanty

Librarian, KIIMS, Cuttack, Odisha, India

[email protected]

References:

(1.) Dutt, B., Garg, K.C., & Bali, A. 2003. Scientometrics of the international journal Scientometrics.Scientometrics, Vol. 56, no.1: 81 93.

(2.) Sethi, B B and Panda, K. C. 2014. Measuring Research Excellence with two journals in Social Sciences: A Scientometric sketch. Library Philosophy and Practice, paper 1051. (Available at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1051)

(3.) Lipetz, B-A. 1999. Aspects of JASIS authorship through five decades. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol.50, no. 11: 994-1003.

(4.) Mukherjee, B. 2008. Scholarly literature from selected universities of Delhi and Uttar Pradesh: A pilot study. LIBRES, Vol.18, no. 1. Retrieved from http://libres.curtin.edu.au/libres18n1/Mukherjee Final rev.pdf

(5.) Subramanyam, K. 1982. Bibliometric Study of Research Collaboration: A Review. Journal of Information Science, Vol.6, no.1: 33-38.

(6.) Thanuskodi, S.2010. Journal of Social Science: A Bibliometric Study. Journal of Social Science, Vol.24, no. 2: 77-80.

(7.) Tian, Y., Wen, C., & Hong, S. 2008. Global scientific production on GIS research by bibliometric analysis from 1997 to 2006. Journal of Informetrics, Vol. 2: 65-74.Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

(8.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliometrics

(9.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientometrics/

? Corresponding author. 917377136122 (M) ;. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. B.Sethi).

Table-7.1: State of the Art of Study

Area         Number       Name of             Period of        No. of
of            of           Journal             Coverage        Papers
Study         Jr.

Arts &         1      Language Sciences        2005-13          900

Humanities     2      Linguistics and          2005-13          900
                          Education

               3         Political             2005-13          900
                          Geography

               4          Religion          2005-10, three      600
                                              years data
                                          (2011,2012 & 2013)
                                            not available

Total          2              *             8 Years except      3300
                                          journal 'Religion'

Area         Number   Percentage   C. F.   C. P.
of            of
Study         Jr.

Arts &         1        27.27       900    27.27

Humanities     2        27.27      1800    54.54

               3        27.27      2700    .8181

               4        18.18      3300    99.99

Total          2         100       3300     100

Table-7.2: Chronological Analysis of Papers
on the basis of Year of Publication in Source
Journal

                        Journals

    1. Language              2. Linguistics
      Sciences                    and Education

Sl  Ye   No.    %    Avg   Sl   Ye   No.    %    Avg
No  ar   of          per   No   ar   of          per
         pap         Yea             pap         Yea
         ers          r              ers          r

1   19    1    0.          1    19    1    0.
    88         11               95         11

2   19    8    0.          2    19    3    0.
    95         88               96         33

3   19    5    0.          3    19    4    0.
    96         55               98         44

4   19    1    0.          4    20   25    2.
    98         11               00         77

5   20   44    4.          5    20   27    3
    00         88               01

6   20    3    0.    47.   6    20   66    7.
    01         33    36         02         33    50
                     pap                         pap
7   20   10    1.    ers   7    20   30    3.    ers
    02         11               03         33

8   20   49    5.          8    20   74    8.
    03         44               04         22

9   20   46    5.          9    20   163   18.
    04         11               05         11

10  20   139   15.         10   20   89    9.
    05         44               06         88

11  20   66    7.          11   20   36    4
    06         33               07

12  20   99    11          12   20   99    11
    07                          08

13  20   58    6.          13   20   88    9.
    08         44               09         77

14  20   102   11.         14   20   58    6.
    09         33               10         44

15  20   94    10.         15   20   64    7.
    10         44               11         11

16  20   82    9.          16   20   36    4
    11         11               12

17  20   49    5.          17   20   36    4
    12         44               13

18  20   38    4.          18   20    1    0.
    13         22               14         11

19  20    6    0.          To   18   900   10
    14         66          ta   Ye         0
                           l    ar
To  19   900   10               s
ta  Ye          0
l   ar
    s

Gr                         Gr   18   900   10
an                         an              0
To                         To
ta                         ta
l                          l

                        Journals

Sl  3. Political                Sl        4. Religion
No     Geography                No

    Ye   No.    %               Ye   No.         Avg
    ar   of                     ar   Of          per
         Pap                         Pap         Yea
         ers                         ers         r

1   19    1    0.          1    19   1     0.
    92         11    45         85         16    46.
                     pap                         15
2   19    5    0.    ers   2    19   10    1.    pap
    95         56               97         66    ers

3   19    8    0.          3    19   14    2.
    96         89               99         33

4   19    3    0.          4    20   19    3.
    97         33               01         16

5   19    5    0.          5    20   4     0.
    98         56               02         66

6   19    8    0.          6    20   57    9.
    99         89               03         5

7   20   10    1.          7    20   147   24.
    00         11               04         5

8   20   69    7.          8    20   96    16
    01         67               05

9   20   33    3.          9    20   45    7.
    02         67               06         5

10  20   23    2.          10   20   58    9.
    03         56               07         66

11  20   91    10.         11   20   63    10.
    04         11               08         5

12  20   118   13.         12   20   45    7.
    05         11               09         5

13  20   131   14.         13   20   41    6.
    06         56               10         83

14  20   254   28.         To   13   600   100
    07         22          ta   Ye
                           l    ar
15  20   61    6.               s
    08         78          Gr   13   600   100
                           an
16  20   14    1.          To
    09         56          ta
                           l
17  20   27     3
    10

18  20   25    2.
    11         78

19  20    7    0.
    12         78

20  20    7    0.
    13         78

To  20   900   10
ta  Ye          0
l   ar
    s

Gr  20   900   100
an
To
ta
l

Table-7.3: Authorship pattern &
Degree of Collaboration of papers
of Four (4) Journals

Language
Sciences

Sl.            Author     Total    No      Degree        %
No             ship       No       of      of colla-
               pattern    Of       pap     boration
               of         Auth     ers
               papers     ors

1              Single     700      700                   77.
               author                                    78

2              Two        242      121        0.         13.
               authors                        22         44

3              Three      189      63                    7
               authors

4              Four       20       5                     0.
               authors                                   56

5              Five       25       5                     0.
               authors                                   56

6              Six        38       6                     0.
               authors                                   67
               & More

Grand                     12       90                    100
Total                     14       0

               Lingui-
               stics
               and
               Educa-
               tion

Sl.            Author     Total    No      Degree        %
No             ship       No       of      of colla-
               patte-     Of       pap-    boration
               rn         Authors  ers
               of
               papers

1              Single     680      680                   75.
               author                                    56

2              Two        272      136        0.         15.
               author                         24         11

3              Three      207      69                    7.
               author                                    67

4              Four       36       9                     1
               author

5              Five
               author

6              Six        25       5                     0.
               authors                                   56
               & More

                          9        1                     0.
                                                         11
               Grand
               Total
Grand                     12       900                   100
Total
                          29

               Political
               Geography

Sl.            Author     Total    No       Degree       %
No             pattern    No       of       of
               ship       Of       papers   Colla-
               of         Authors           boration
               papers

1              Single     651      651                   72.
               author                                    33

2              Two        366      183       0.29        20.
               authors                                   33

3              Three      84       28                    3.
               authors                                   11

4              Four       76       19                    2.
               author                                    11
               s

               Five       50
5              authors             10                    1.
                                                         11
               More       52
6              than                9                     1
               five
               authors

               Grand      12
Grand          Total      79       900                   100
Total

                      Religion

Sl. Author             Total     No     Degree of   %
No  ship               No        of     of Colla-
    pattern            Of        Pap-   boration
    of                 Authors   ers
    papers

1  Single             508       508                84.
   author                                          66

2  Two                136       68     0.15        11.
   authors                                         35

3  Three              15        05                 0.
   authors                                         83

4  Four               08        02                 0.
   author                                         3
   s                                               3

5  Five               05        01                 0.
   authors                                         16

6  More               123       16                 2.
   than                                            66
   five
   authors

   Grand              795       600                100
   Total

Table-7.4: Top 15 Authors with Institutional
Affiliation of Four (4) Journals

                   Journals

Sl.            Language Sciences

N     Nam     Aff      No    %      A       A
o      e      ili      of           v       v
       of     ati      pa           g       g
      Aut      on     pers          .       .
      hor     to                  Papers   Pap
             Insti                 per     per
             tution               Author   per
                                           Inst

1     Yuh     Nat      47    5
       -      ion            .
      Fan      al            2
       g      Chu            2
      Cha      ng
       ng     Hsi
               ng
              Uni
              ver
              sit                   4       5
               y                    .       .
2     Cli     Uni      42    4      2       8
       ff     ver            .      0       8
      God     sit            6
      dar      y             7
       d       of
              New
              Eng
              lan
               d
3     Lyl     Uni      41    4
       e      ver            .
      Cam     sit            5
      pbe      y             6
       ll      of
              Can
              ter
              bur
               y
4     Pau     And      33    3
       l      rew            .
      Mat      s             6
      ych     Uni            7
       u      ver
              sit
               y

5     Chr     LEA      23    2
      ist     PLE            .
      oph                    5
       e      UMR            5
      Par
      iss
       e

6     Ann     Aus      20    2
       a      tra            .
      Wie     lia            2
      rzb      n             2
      ick     Nat
       a      ion
               al
              Uni

             ver sit y
7     Ana     Mon      19    2
      Deu     ash            .
      mer     Uni            1
       t      ver            1
              sit
               y

8     Chr     Uni      18    2
      ist     ver            .
      oph     sit            0
       er      y             0
       S.      of
      But     Wal
      ler      es
              Swa
              nse
               a,
9     Tal     Col      17    1
      bot     leg            .
       J.      e             8
      Tay      of            9
      lor     Wil
              lia
               m
              and
              Mar
               y,
1     Nao     Ame      16    1
0      mi     ric            .
       S       an            7
      Bar     Uni            7
       on     ver
              sit
               y,

1     Ewa     Uni      15    1
1     Dub     ver            .
      row     sit            6
      ska      y             6
               of
              She
              ffi
              eld
               ,

1     Fie     Ghe      15    1
2      ke      nt            .
      Van     Uni            6
      der     ver            6
      Guc     sit
       ht      y,

1     Mig     Uni      15    1
3     uel     ver            .
      Cas     sid            6
       as      ad            6
      Gom      de
       ez     Cad
              iz,

1     Nig     Uni      14    1
4      el     ver            .
      Lov     sit            5
       e       y             5
               of
              Cap
               e
              Tow
               n
1     Phi     The      14    1
5     lip     Ope            .
      Sea      n             5
      rge     Uni            5
      ant     ver
              sit
               y

T      15      15      34    3
o     Aut     Aff      9     8
t     hor     ili            .
a      s      ate            7
l              d             7
              Ins
              tit
              uti
              ons
O     197     136      54    6
t     Aut     Aff      9     1
h     hor     ili
e      s      ate
r              d
s             Ins
              tit
              uti
              ons
G     212     151      89    1
r     +Da     +Da      8+    0
a      ta      ta      2=    0
n     not     abo      90
d     ava      ut      0
T     ila     Ins
o     ble      t.
t     02=     not
a     214     ava
l     *(U     ila
      niq     ble
       ue      in
      Aut      02
      hor     pap
       s)     ers
              =15
               3

                  Journals

Sl.       Linguistics and Education

N     Name    Affi    N    %     A     A
o      of     liat   o.          v     v
      Auth    ion     o          g     g
       or      to    f           .     .
              Inst   pap        Pap   Pap
              itut   ers        ers   ers
              ion               per   per
                                Aut   Inst
                                hor

1     Ange    Univ    2    3
       la     ersi    7
      Cree     ty
       se      of
              Birm
              ingh
               am

                                 4     5
                                 .     .
2     Vera    San     2    2     3     9
        F     Dieg    5    .     6     2
      utie     o           7
      rrez    Stat         8
        -      e
      Clel    Univ
       len    ersi
               ty

3     Cons    King    2    2
      tant     's     4    .
      Leun    Coll         6
        g     ege          7
              Lond
               on

4     J.R.    Univ    2    2
      Mart    ersi    2    .
       in      ty          4
               of          4
              Sydn
               ey

5     Rich    Univ    2    2
       ard    ersi    1    .
      Barw     ty          3
       ell     of          3
              Bris
              tol

6     Mary    Univ    2    2
        J     ersi    0    .
      Schl     ty          2
      eppe     of          2
      grel    Cali
        l     forn
               ia

7     Ross    Univ    2    2
      Form    ersi    0    .
       an      ty          2
               of          2
              Tech
              nolo
               gy
8     Tina    Shar    1    2
      Shar     pe     9    .
       pe     Cons         1
              ulti         1
               ng
              (NSW)

9     Jame    Univ    1    1
        s     ersi    7    .
      Paul     ty          8
       Gee     of          9
              Wisc
              onsi
              n at
              Madi
              son

1     Tarj    Univ    1    1
0       a     ersi    7    .
      Niku     ty          8
       la      of          9
              Jyva
              skyl
               a

1     Susa    Univ    1    1
1       n     ersi    6    .
      Hood     ty          7
               of          8
              Tech
              nolo
               gy

1     Vale    Univ    1    1
2      rie    ersi    6    .
      Hobb     ty          7
        s      of          8
              Shef
              fiel
               d,

1     Patr    Univ    1    1
3     icia    ersi    3    .
        A      ty          4
      Duff     of          4
              Brit
              ish
              Colu
              mbia

1     Aria    Univ    1    1
4     Razf    ersi    2    .
        a      ty          3
               of          3
              Illi
              nois

1     Jame    Stat    1    1
5       s      e      2    .
      Coll    Univ         3
       ins    ersi         3
               ty
               of
              New
              York
T      15      15     2    3
o     Auth    Affi    8    1
t      ors    liat    1    .
a              ed          2
l             Inst         2
              itut
              ions

O      191    137A    6    6
t     Auth    ffil    1    8
h      ors    iate    9    .
e              d           7
r             Inst         7
s             itut
              ions

G      206    152     9    1
r     Auth    Affi    0    0
a      ors    liat    0    0
n     * (Un    ed
d     ique    Inst
T     Auth    itut
o     ors)    ions
t
a
l

                  Journals

Sl.          Political Geography

N      Na    Affi    N    %     A     A
o      me    liat   o.          v     v
       of    ion     o          g     g
       Au     to    f           .     .
      thor   Ins    pap        Pap   Pap
             tit    ers        ers   ers
             uti               per   per
              on               Aut   Inst
                               hor

1      Ar    Univ    3    3
       tu    ersi    5    .
       ro     ty          8
       Es     of          8
       co    Nort
       ba     h
       r     Caro
             lina

                                4     5
                                .     .
2      Mi    Univ    3    3     5     3
       ch    ersi    4    .     4     2
       ae     ty          7
       l      of          7
       K.    Cali
       Go    forn
       od     ia
       ma
       n
3      Ph    Scho    3    3
       il     ol     4    .
       ip     of          7
       pe    Geog         7
       Le    raph
       Bi     y
       ll
       on

4      Ha    Univ    3    3
       rr    ersi    2    .
       ie     ty          5
       t      of          5
       Bu    Durh
       lk     am
       el
       ey

5      Ma    Univ    2    3
       tt    ersi    7
       he     ty
       w      of
       B.    Wash
       Sp    ingt
       ar    on,
       ke
6      Jo    Univ    2    2
       n     ersi    5    .
       Ba     ty          7
       rn     of          7
       et    Melb
       t     ourn
              e,

7      Lo    Univ    2    2
       ui    ersi    5    .
       se     ty          7
       Am     of          7
       oo    Durh
       re    am,

8      Ra     ,      2    2
       fa    Indi    5    .
       el    ana          8
       Re    Univ         5
       uv    ersi
       en     ty
       y

9      Cl    Univ    2    2
       io    ersi    4    .
       na     ty          7
       dh     of          7
       Ra    Esse
       le     x,
       ig
       h

1      Ra    Inte    2    2
0      gn    rnat    4    .
       hi    iona         6
       ld     l           6
       No    Peac
       rd     e
       as    Rese
             arch
             Inst
             itut
              e,
1      No    Mane    2    2
1      el    hest    1    .
       Ca     er          3
       st    Univ         8
       re    ersi
       e     ty,

1      Ja    New     2    2
2      so    Mexi    0    .
       n      co          2
       Ac    Stat         5
       kl     e
       es    Univ
       on    ersi
              ty
1      Pa    Dubl    2    2
3      dr     in     0    .
       ai    City         2
       g     Univ         5
       R.    ersi
       Ca    ty,
       rm
       od

       y

1      Li    Nati    1    2
4      ly    onal    9    .
       Ko    Univ         1
       ng    ersi         8
              ty
              of
             Sing
             apor
              e
1      Ma    Univ    1    2
5      xw    ersi    9    .
       el     ty          1
       l      of          8
       T.    Oxfo
       Bo     rd
       yk
      of f
T      15     15     3    4
o      Au    Affi    8    2
t      th    liat    4    .
a      or     ed          6
l      s     Inst         6
             itut
             ions

O      18    154     5    5
t      3     Affi    1    7
h      Au    liat    6    .
e      th     ed          3
r      or    Inst         3
s      s     itut
             ions

G      19    169     9    1
r      8     Affi    0    0
a      Au    liat    0    0
n      th     ed
d      or    Inst
T      s     itut
o            ions
t
a
l

                   Journals

Sl.                Religion

N     Nam   Affi    N    %    A     A
o      e    liat    o         v     v
      of    ion     .         g     g
      Aut    to     O         .     .
      hor   Inst   f         Pap   Pap
            itut   pap       ers   ers
            ion    ers       per   per
                             Aut   Inst
                             hor

1     Hen   Univ    2    4
      ry    ersi    9    .
      Mun    ty          8
      son    of          3
            Main
             e

                              3     7
                              .     .
2     Phi   Univ    2    4    8     5
      lip   ersi    5    .    9
      A.     ty          1
      Mel    of          6
      lor   Leed
             s

3     Ste   Moun    2    4
      ven    t      4
      Eng   Roya
      ler    l
            Coll
            ege

4     Ter   Flor    2    3
      ry    ida     2    .
      Rey   Inte         6
            rnat         6
            iona
             l
            Univ
            ersi
             ty
5     Bil   Scho    1    2
       l     ol     6    .
      Ash    of          6
      cro   Engl         6
      ft    ish,

6     Chr   Univ    1    2
      ist   ersi    5    .
      oph    ty          5
      er    Coll
      Par   ege
      tri   Ches
      dge   ter,

7     Bro   Univ    1    2
       n    ersi    3    .
      Tay    ty          1
      lor    of          6
            Wisc
            onsi
             n,
8     Mic   Univ    1    2
      hae   ersi    3    .
       l     ty          1
      Sta    of          6
      usb   Berg
      erg   en,

9     Sus    ,      1    2
      an    Univ    3    .
      Rai   ersi         1
      ne     ty          6
             of
            Albe
            rta,

1     Win   Univ    1    2
0     nif   ersi    3    .
      red    ty          1
      Fal    of          6
      ler   Chic
       s    ago,
      Sul
      liv
      an

1     Eli   Univ    1    2
1     zab   ersi    2
      eth    ty
      Moh    of
      kam   Nijm
      sin   egen
      g-
      den
      Boe
       r
1     Ian   Univ    1    2
2     Rea   ersi    2
      der    ty
             of
            Manc
            hest
            er,

1     Yuv   Colu    1    2
3     al    mbia    2
      Ner   Univ
      ia    ersi
             ty
            and
            New
            York

            Sta
             e
            Psyc
             ric
            Inst
            itut
             e,

1     E.    101     1    1
4     Tyl   Nort    0    .
      er     h           6
      Gra   Univ         6
      ham   ersi
             ty
            Aven
             ue

1     Jus   Oxfo    1    1
5     tin    rd     0    .
      L.    Univ         6
      Bar   ersi         6
      ret    ty
       t

T     15     15     2    3
o     Aut   Affi    3    9
t     hor   liat    9    .
a      s     ed          8
l           Inst         3
            itut
            ions

O     139    65     3    6
t     Aut   Affi    6    0
h     hor   liat    1    .
e      s     ed          1
r           Inst         6
s           itut
            ions

G     154    80     6    1
r     Aut   Affi    0    0
a     hor   liat    0    0
n      s     ed
d           Inst
T           itut
o           ions
t
a
l

Table-7.5: Geographical Analysis of Papers
Published, in Four (4) Journals

                               Journals

Sl. No.                  1.Language Sciences

                     Name of        No.of     %
                     Country        papers

1                      USA           208      23
2                   Australia        111      12
3                     France          94      10

4                       UK            83     9.2
5                     Taiwan          55     6.1
6                  South Africa       41     4.6
7                    Belgium          38     4.2
8                     Spain           29     3.2
9                The Netherlands      28     3.1
10                  Hong Kong         24     2.7
11                   Germany          18      2
12                    Israel          18      2
13                  Singapor e        16     1.8
14                     Iran           16     1.8
15                    Canada          12     1.3
16                      *             *       *
17                      *             *       *
18                      *             *       *
19                      *             *       *
20                      *             *       *
21                      *             *       *

Top                     15           791      88
Countries with      Countries
corresponding      collectively
papers              contribute

Other               Data on          109      12
                   country of
                 origin of papers
                  not available

Total                   *            900     100

                               Journals

Sl. No.                     2.Linguistics
                            and Education

                 Name of Country   No. of     %
                                   papers

1                      USA          354     39.33
2                      UK           165     18.33
3                   Australia       134     14.88

4                    Canada          52     5.77
5                     Spain          37     4.11
6                     China          32     3.55
7                   Singapore        26     2.88
8                    Finland         18       2
9                The Netherlands     14     1.55
10                 New Zealand       11     1.22
11                   Hungary         11     1.22
12                  Hong Kong        10     1.11
13                   Belgium         8      0.88
14                   Africa          2      0.22
15                   Sweden          1      0.11
16                      *            *        *
17                      *            *        *
18                      *            *        *
19                      *            *        *
20                      *            *        *
21                      *            *        *

Top               15 Countries      875     97.2
Countries with    collectively
corresponding       contribute
papers

Other            Data on country     25     2.78
                  of origin not
                    available

Total                   *           900      100

                              Journals

Sl. No.                      3.Political
                              Geography

                  Name of Country     No. of     %
                                      papers

1                        UK            396      44
2                       USA            275     30.6
3                      Norway           48     5.33

4                    Australia          33     3.67
5                     Ireland           32     3.56
6                      Canada           29     3.22
7                    Singapore          29     3.22
8                      Israel           7      0.78
9                   Switzerland         6      0.67
10                     Sweden           3      0.33
11                     Turkey           3      0.33
12                    Germany           2      0.22
13                  Netherla nds        2      0.22
14                    Estonia           1      0.11
15                   Hong Kong          1      0.11
16                    newsland          1      0.11
17               Russian Federation     1      0.11
18                       *              *        *
19                       *              *        *
20                       *              *        *
21                       *              *        *

Top                17 Countries        869     96.6
Countries with     collectively
corresponding        contribute
papers

Other             Data on country       31     3.44
                   of origin not
                     available

Total                    *             900      100

Journals

Sl. No.                     4.Religion

                 Name of Country   No. of     %
                                   papers

1                      USA          231     38.5
2                      UK           102      17
3                    Canada          71     11.83

4                The Netherlands     48       8
5                    Norway          20     3.33
6                   Australia        18       3
7                     Italy          11     1.83
8                    Denmark         10     1.66
9                     Egypt          9       1.5
10                   Israel          8      1.33
11                    Wales          8      1.33
12                   Finland         5      0.83
13                 Switzerland       4      0.66
14                   Germany         3       0.5
15                  News land        3       0.5
16                 Philippines       3       0.5
17                   Sweden          3       0.5
18                   Taiwan          2      0.33
19               Czech Republic      1      0.16
20                   France          1      0.16
21                    Japan          1      0.16

Top               21 Countries      562     93.66
Countries with    collectively
corresponding      contribute
papers

Other            Data on country     38     6.33
                  of origin not
                    available

Total                   *           600      100

Table-7.6: Top 20 Productive
Institutions/Institutional
Contributors'

                                 Journals

Sl.                         1.Language Sciences
 No.

           Name of               Name of       No.      %
           Institution           Country       of
                                               Papers

1          National Chung        Taiwan        47       5.4
            Hsing University

2          University of         Australia     42       4.83
            New England

3          University            New           41       4.
           of Canterbury         Zealand                71

4          Andrews               USA           32       3.68
            University

5          Ghent                 Belgium       28       3.22
           University

6          Monash                Australia     27       3.1
           University

7          University            South         25       2.87
           of Cape Town           Africa

8          Leaple, mR            France        23       2.64

9          Max Planck            The           22       2.53
           Institute for         Netherlands
           Psycholinguistics

10         The University        HongKong      20       2.3

           of Hong Kong
11         Australi              Australia     19       5.14
           an National
           University

12         College and           USA           18       3.22
           of William

            Mary

13         University            UK            18       3.22
           of Wales
           Swansea

14         American              USA           16       1.84
            University

15         Baikal                Russia        16       1.84
           National
           University
           of Economics
           and Law

16         University            UK            16       1.84
            of Sheffield

17         The Open              UK            14       1.61
            University

18         University            Spain         14       1.61
           dad de
           Cadiz

19         University            USA           14       1.61
            of California

20         National              Singapore     13       1.49
           University
           of Singapore

Total                                          4 65     51.66

Publication
of
20
Institutions

Others     130                   *             432      48
            Institutions

Total      Data not              *             03       0.33
           Available
           on Inst.

Grand Total*                                   900      100

                        Journals

Sl.                   2.Linguistics
 No.                   and Education

           Name of             Name         No.     %
           Institution         of Country   Of
                                            Papers

1          University          Canada       62      6.89
           of California

2          University of       USA          36      4
            British Columbia

3          Univer              China        36      4
           sity of
           Technology

4          King's              Canada       35      3.89
           College London

5          San Diego           Spain        31      3.44
           State University

6          University          USA          28      3.11
           of Sydney

7          University          USA          27      3
           of Birmingham

8          University          USA          25      2.78
           of Bristol

9          University          Australia    23      2.56
           of London

10         University          USA          22      2.44
           of Sheffield

11         Sharpe              USA          19      2.11
           Consulting
           (NSW),

12         University          Spain        18      2
           of Jyvaskyla

13         University          USA          17      1.89
           of Wisconsin
           at Madison

14         Arizona             USA          14      1.56
           State University,

15         National            USA          14      1.56
           Institute
           of Education

16         University          UK           14      1.56
           of Leeds

17         University          UK           14      1.56
           of New England

18         Columbia            Canada       13      1.44
           University

19         Northern            UK           13      1.44
           Arizona
           University

20         University at       USA          13      1.44
           Autono made
           Barcelona

Total      Total                            474     52.7
           Publication
Publication of 20
of         Institutions
20
Institutions

Others     107                 *            401       44.6
           Institutions

Total      Total               Data not     25        2.77
                               Available
                               on
                               Inst

Grand      Grand         *                  900         100
Total      Total

                       Journals

Sl.                  3.Political
 No.                  Geography

           Name                 Name of      No. of   %
           of                   Country     Papers
           Institution

1          University           UK           65       7.48
            of Durham

2          University           USA          51       5.89
           of California

3          Durham               UK           39       4.
           University                                 49

4          School               UK           39       4.49
           of Geography

5          International        Norway       36       4.18
           Peace Research
           Institute

6          University of        USA          35       4.09
           North Carolina

7          University           USA          34       3.94
           of Washington

8          Manchester           UK           29       3.34
           University

9          National             Singapore    29       3.34
           University
           of Singapore

10         University           UK           26       2.99
           of Essex

11         Indian               USA          25       2.88
           a University

12         University           Australia    25       2.88
           of Melbourne

13         Dublin               Ireland      23       2.64
           City
           University

14         University           UK           23       2.64
            of Oxford

15         New Mexico           USA          21       2.47
           State
           University

16         Lancaster            UK           19       2.19
           University

17         University           UK           15       1.72
           of Portsmouth

18         University           UK           14       1.62
           of London

19         University           UK           14       1.62
            of Southampton

20         University           USA          13       1.49
           of Wisconsin

Total      Total                             575      63.88
           Publication
Public     20
ation of   Institutions
of
20
Institutions

Others     136                  *            293      32.55
           Institutions

Total      Data not             *            32       3.55
           Available
           on Inst. (13)

Grand      Grand Total          Insti        900      100
Total                           tutions
                                -169
                                 Journals

Sl.                             4.Religion
 No.
               Name                 Name of        No. Of   %
               of Institution       Country        Papers
               Institution

1              University           USA            30       5
               of Maine

2              University           UK             28       4.66
               of Leeds

3              Mount                Canada         24       4
               Royal
                College

4              Florida              USA            22       3.66
               International
               University

5              Faculty              The            19       3.16
               of Humanities        Netherlands

6              School               Australia      16       2.66
               of English

7              University           Norway         16       2.66
               of Bergen

8              University           UK             15       2.5
               College Chester

9              University           The            14       2.33
               of Amsterdam         Netherlands

10             University           USA            14       2.33
               of Chicago

11             University           USA            13       2.16
                of Wisconsin

12             Columbia             USA            12       2
               University
                and New York
               State

               Psychiatric
               Institute

13             University           Canada         12       2
               of Alberta

14             University           UK             12       2
               of Manchester

15             University           The            12       2
               of Nijmegen           Netherlands

16             North                Canada         10       1.66
               University
               Avenue

17             Oxford               UK             10       1.66
               University

18             University of        USA            10       1.66
               California
               Riverside

19             University           Canada         10       1.66
               of Ottawa

20             University           USA            10       1.66
               of Tennessee

Total          Total                               309      51.5
Publication    Publication
of             of 20
20             Institutions
Institutions

Others          51                   *              245      40.8
                Institutions

Total          Data not             *              46       7.66
               available
               on Inst. (9)

Grand Total    Grand Total: Insti   *              600      100
               tutions
               -80

Table-7.7: Average Factors

                      Journals
Sl       Factors
No.                   Language   Linguistics   Political   Religion
                      Sciences      and        Geography
                                  Education

 1        Avg.           08         10.12        94.77      28.26
        Citations
        per Paper

 2    Avg. Papers       4.20        4.36         4.61        4.08
       per Unique
         Author

 3    Avg. Authors      1.34        1.36         1.42        1.28
       per Paper
      (All Authors)

 4    Avg. Authors      0.22        0.22         0.21        0.24
       per Paper
        (Unique
        Authors)

 5     Avg. Page       23.70        19.35        21.33      17.28
       length per
          paper

 6    Avg. Papers      47.36         50           45        46.15
        per Year
      (considering
        year of
      publication
      of papers in
         source
        journal)

 7     Avg. Papers      5.88        5.92         5.32        7.5
          per
       Institution
        (Unique)

 8    Avg. Papers      23.07        47.36         50        28.57
      per Country
        (Unique)
Total                  113.77      138.69       222.66      133.36

Sl       Factors
No.                   Total     O'       E'     [sup.X.2])
                               Table    Table   Calculated
                                                Value (CV)

 1        Avg.        141.15    08     26.39       12.81
        Citations
        per Paper

 2    Avg. Papers     17.25    4.20     3.22       0.29
       per Unique
         Author

 3    Avg. Authors     5.4     1.34     1.00       0.11
       per Paper
      (All Authors)

 4    Avg. Authors     0.89    0.22     0.16       0.02
       per Paper
        (Unique
        Authors)

 5     Avg. Page      81.66    23.70   15.26       4.66
       length per
          paper

 6    Avg. Papers     188.51   47.36   35.24       4.16
        per Year
      (considering
        year of
      publication
      of papers in
         source
        journal)

 7     Avg. Papers    24.62    5.88     4.60       0.35
          per
       Institution
        (Unique)

 8    Avg. Papers      149     23.07   27.85       0.82
      per Country
        (Unique)

Total                 608.48   10.12   32.17       15.11

                               4.36     3.93       0.04

                               1.36     1.23       0.01

                               0.22     0.20       0.002

                               19.35   18.61       0.02

                                50     42.96       1.15

                               5.92     5.61       0.01

                               47.36   33.96       5.28

                               94.77   51.65       35.99

                               4.61     6.31       0.45

                               1.42     1.97       0.15

                               0.21     0.32       0.03

                               21.33   29.88       2.44

                                45     68.98       8.33

                               5.32     9.00       1.50

                                50     54.52       0.37

                               28.26   30.93       0.23

                               4.08     3.78       0.02

                               1.28     1.18       0.008

                               0.24     0.19       0.01

                               17.28   17.89       0.02

                               46.15   41.31       0.56

                                7.5     5.39       0.82

                               28.57   32.65       0.50

                                **               [sup.X.2]
                                                  (CV) =
                                                   96.27

Hy: H0: There is no variation in average factors of research papers of
four (4) journals.

Chi-Square ([x.sup.2]) Formula: [x.sup.2] = [(o-e).sup.2]/e applied

Degree of Freedom (V) = 21 ; Calculated Value (CV) = 96.27 ; Tabulated
Value (TV) at 0.050 or 95 % level of significance is = 32.7
Chi-Square test applied over the data in the table no.7 with heading
Average Factors". Since, x2 calculated value is 96.27 which is greater
than [x.sup.2] tabulated value 32. 7, so the null hypothesis stands
false or rejected. Hence, it is concluded that, there is significant
variation in the average factors of research papers of four journals.

Table-7.8: Citation Pattern of Publication
Journals

S l
N o     Language                            Linguistics
        Sciences                               and
                                            Education

         Cita         No.      %     C.      Citat       No.
         tion         of             F.      ion         of
         Pattern      papers                 Pattern     papers

1         1-25        853     94.8   853      1-25        734
2         26-50        37     4.11   890      26-50        57
3         51- 5        10     1.11   900      51-75        22
4        Grand        900     100    900      Data         87
          Total                                not
                                            available

5           *          *       *      *       Grand       900
                                              Total
6           *          *       *      *         *          *
7           *          *       *      *         *          *
8           *          *       *      *         *          *
9           *          *       *      *         *          *

*           *          *       *      *         *          *

S l                                 Journals
N o     Language                    Political
        Sciences                    Geography

         Cita        %      C.       Cita         No.       %
         tion               F.       tion         of
         Pattern                     Pattern      papers

1         1-25       81.6   734        1-25        167     18.56
2         26-50      6.33   791       26-50        191     21.22
3         51- 5      2.44   813       51-75        176     19.56
4        Grand       9.67   900       76-100        94     10.44
          Total

5           *        100    900      101-125        59     6.56

6           *         *      *       126-150        7      0.78
7           *         *      *       151-175        53     5.89
8           *         *      *       176-200        *        *
9           *         *      *       201 and       130     14.44
                                      above

*           *         *      *     No Citation      23     2.56
                                       Data

                                   Grand Total     900      100

S l
N o     Language            Religion
        Sciences

         Cita        C.      Cita       No.      %      C.
         tion        F.      tion       Of              F.
         Pattern             Pattern    papers

1         1-25       167      1-25      508     64.7   508
2         26-50      358     26-50       5      0.83   513
3         51- 5      534     51-75       4      0.66   517
4        Grand       628     76-100      11     1.83   528
          Total

5           *        687    101-125      3      0.5    531

6           *         64    126-150      *       *      *
7           *        747    151-175      1      0.16   532
8           *         *     176-200      *       *      *
9           *        877    201 and      6       1     538
                             above

*           *        900       No        62     10.3   600
                            Citation
                              Data

                     900     Grand      600     100    600
                             Total

Table-7.8.1: Application of Chi-Square

"O"        "E"           [X.sup.2]
Table      Table         Calculated
                         Value (CV)

853       616.90            90.36
37         79.09            22.39
10         57.81            39.53
00         28.63            28.63
00         16.90            16.90
00         1.90             1.90
00         14.72            14.72
00          00               00
00         37.09            37.09
00         46.90            46.90
734       616.90            22.22
57         79.09            6.16
22         57.81            22.18
00         28.63            28.63
00         16.90            16.90
00         1.90             1.90
00         14.72            14.72
00          00               00
00         37.09            37.09
87         46.90            34.28
167       616.90           328.10
191        79.09           158.34
176        57.81           241.63
94         28.63           149.25
59         16.90           104.87
07         1.90             13.68
53         14.72            99.54
00          00               00
130        37.09           232.73
23         46.90            12.17
508       411.27            22.75
05         52.72            43.19
04         38.54            30.95
11         19.09            3.42
03         11.27            6.06
00         1.27             1.27
01         9.81             7.91
00          00               00
06         24.72            14.17
62         31.27            30.19
                      Calculated Value
                        (CV)=1982.72

Hy: H0: There is no variation among the journals in citation
pattern of their papers. Degree of Freedom (V)=27 ; [X.sup.2]
Calculated Value (CV)=1982.72; Tabulated Value (TV) 0.050 or
95 % level of significance is 40.11 Applying Chi-Square
([X.sup.2]) test using Formula [X.sup.2] [(o-e)].sup.2]/e it is
ascertained that:

At (0.050) 95% level of significance X2 tabulated
value is 40.11, while calculated value is 1982.72.
As calculated value of X2 is greater than tabulated
value the hypothesis stands false or rejected which
means the citation pattern of papers of all four
journals are significantly varied from each other.

Table-7.9: Pagination Pattern of Papers

Sl.           Language Sciences

No.   Patten of     No.       %     C.F.
      Pagination    of
                   papers

1        1-5         20     2.22     20
2        6-10        60     6.67     80
3       11-15       242     26.89   322
4       16-20       186     2.06    508
5       21-25       140     15.56   648
6       26-30        83     9.22    731
7       31 and      169     18.78   900
         above

Grand Total         900      100    900

Sl.        Linguistics and Education

No.   Patten of     No.       %     C.F.
      Pagination    of
                   papers

1        1-5         18       2      18
2        6-10        15     1.67     33
3       11-15       297      33     330
4       16-20       273     30.33   603
5       21-25       150     16.67   753
6       26-30        66     7.33    819
7      31 and        81     3.44    900
        above

Grand Total         900      100    900

Sl.         Political Geography

No.   Patten of     No.       %     C.F.
      Pagination    of
                   papers

1        1-5         18       2      18
2        6-10        59     6.56     77
3       11-15        75     8.33    152
4       16-20       207      23     359
5       21-25       3 10    34.44   669
6       26-30       166     18.44   835
7       31 and       65     7.22    900
         above

Grand Total         900      100    900

Sl.               Religion

No.   Patten of     No.       %     C.F.
      Pagination    of
                   papers

1        1-5         38     6.33     38
2        6-10        84      14     122
3       11-15       172     28.66   294
4       16-20       141     23.5    435
5       21-25        99     16.5    534
6       26-30        47     7.83    581
7       31 and       19     3.16    600
         above

Grand Total         600      100    600

Table-7.9.1: Application of Chi-Square (x2) test over table (9)

"O"      "E"      X2 Calculated
Table    Table     Value (CV)

                                  Hy: H0: Pagination pattern of
                                  papers of all four journals are
20       25.63        1.23        not significantly different.
60       59.45        0.005
242     214.36        3.56        Degree of Freedom (V)=18 ; X2
186     220.09        5.28        Calculated Value (CV)=536.628;
140     190.63        13.44       Tabulated Value (TV) at 0.050 or
83       98.72        2.50        95 % level of significance is
169      91.09        66.63       28.87
15       59.45        33.23
297     214.36        31.85       Applying Chi-Square (x2)
273     220.09        12.71       test using Formula x2 (o-e)2/e
150     190.63        8.65        it is ascertained that:
6 6      98.72        10.84
81       91.09        1.11        At(0.050) 95 % level of
18       25.63        2.27        significance X2 tabulated value
59       59.45        0.003       is 28.87, while calculated value
75      214.36        90.60       is 536.628. As calculated value
207     220.09        0.77        of X2 is greater than tabulated
310     190.63        74.74
166      98.72        45.85
65       91.09        7.47
38       17.09        25.58
84       39.63        49.67
172     142.90        5.92        value for which the hypothesis
141     146.72        0.22        stands false or rejected that
99      127.09        6.20        means the pagination patterns of
47       65.81        5.37        papers of all four journals are
19       60.72        28.66       significantly varied from each
                   Calculated     other.
                   Value (CV)=
                     536.628