Patterns and trends in walking behaviour among Canadian adults.
Bryan, Shirley N. ; Katzmarzyk, Peter T.
Regular walking has many health benefits, including a reduced risk
of early death, (1) cardiovascular disease, (2,3) stroke, (4) and type 2
diabetes. (5) Brisk walking is associated with long-term maintenance of
weight loss, (6) a reduction in blood pressure, (7) and higher
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. (6) Prospective studies have shown
that volume and intensity of walking are associated in a dose response
manner with the risk of certain chronic diseases among women. (4,5,8)
Although the risk of adverse effects such as musculoskeletal injuries or
cardiac events are higher among those participating in physical
activity, the benefits of regular moderate-intensity physical activities
such as walking are thought to outweigh these risks. (9,10)
Walking is of particular interest for promoting physical activity
among inactive populations because it is an activity that is of low
cost, can be incorporated into daily life, requires no special equipment
or skills and is a safe form of activity with a relatively low risk of
injury compared to more intense activities. (9) Walking at least 30
minutes most days of the week is promoted in Canada's Physical
Activity Guide to Healthy Active Living as a way to increase daily
leisure-time activity and improve health. (11) Walking is the most
popular activity among Canadians, with 70% of respondents in the 2005
Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) reporting participation in
"walking for exercise". (12) Studies from the United States
(US) indicate that walking is the most prevalent activity among all
population subgroups. (13-15)
There are no comprehensive studies of the leisure-time walking
behaviour of Canadians. Thus, the purpose of this study is to describe
the patterns and trends of walking for exercise among Canadian adults
between 1994 and 2007.
METHODS
This study utilized data from the National Population Health Survey
(NPHS) 1994/95, 1996/97 and 1998/99 and the CCHS 2001, 2003, 2005 and
2007, conducted by Statistics Canada. The main purpose of the NPHS/CCHS
surveys is to provide nationally representative data on health
determinants, health status and health system utilization. Both surveys
target Canadians [greater than or equal to] 12 years of age living in
private dwellings but exclude those living on Indian Reserves or Crown
lands, residing in institutions, or living in certain remote regions,
and those who are full-time members of the Canadian Forces. The sample
of the NPHS/CCHS covers ~98% of the Canadian population. (16) In this
study, the sample was restricted to ages 18-55 years since this is the
range included in the adult version of Canada's Physical Activity
Guide. (11) After accounting for non-response, the total samples sizes
were 10,972 (1994/95), 46,708 (1996/97), 9,646 (1998/99), 75,675 (2001),
74,383 (2003), 73,663 (2005) and 35,565 (2007).
Participation in leisure-time physical activities was assessed
using questions based on the validated Minnesota Leisure-Time Physical
Activity Questionnaire. (17) Respondents were explicitly asked to report
on their participation in "walking for exercise", as well as a
list of up to 20 other leisure-time activities (soccer, gardening, etc.)
and up to three additional activities. For each activity, the respondent
was asked about the frequency of participation (number of occasions in
the past 3 months) and the duration of participation on each occasion.
(18)
Leisure-time physical activity energy expenditure (LTPAEE) and
energy expenditure from walking (EEW) were calculated separately in met
* min * [wk.sup.-1] as follows:
LTPAEE (met * min * [wk.sup.-1]) = [summation] [N.sub.i] x
[D.sub.i] x [MET.sub.i]/13
where [N.sub.i] is number of occasions of activity i; [D.sub.i] is
the average duration, in minutes, of activity i; [MET.sub.i] is a
constant value for metabolic energy cost of activity i and 13 is the
number of weeks in the 3-month recall period. The MET values for each
activity reported were assigned as per the Statistics Canada standard.18
Since duration was collected as a categorical variable, average duration
was used in the calculation by taking the midpoint of the first three
time categories (7.5 min, 23.5 min and 45.5 min) and 60 minutes for
category 4.
Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of walking for
exercise for each survey year were determined overall, by sex, age group
(18-25, 26-35, 36-45 and 46-55 years), body mass index (BMI) (<25.0,
25.0-29.9 and [greater than or equal to] 30.0 kg/[m.sup.2]) and total
household income from all sources (<$15,000, $15,000-29,999,
$30,000-49,999, $50,000-79,999 and [greater than or equal to] $80,000).
BMI was calculated using self-reported weight (kg) divided by height
squared (metres).
Pattern of walking behaviour was examined based on duration,
frequency and total volume (met * min * [wk.sup.-1]) of walking. For
each survey year, the prevalence and 95% CIs for walking duration and
regular walking (4+ times/week) were assessed by demographic
characteristics. The percentage of EEW in relation to total LTPAEE was
determined and the prevalence and 95% CIs were estimated by demographic
variables for those with 100% of their LTPAEE being comprised only of
walking.
[FIGURE 1 OMITTED]
[FIGURE 2 OMITTED]
All estimates were weighted to represent the Canadian household
population aged 18-55 years and were age-standardized by the direct
method to the 2006 Census population. In order to account for the
complex survey design, SUDAAN was used to calculate all estimates and
95% CIs, and significant differences were determined from
non-overlapping 95% CIs. (19)
RESULTS
The prevalence of walking for exercise fluctuated between 1994/95
and 2003, after which it remained relatively stable at around 70% (Table
1). For all survey years, a higher proportion of women reported walking
compared to men (range 72.5%-78.0% for women, 57.0%-63.4% for men).
Adults in the youngest age group reported the lowest prevalence of
walking (range 59.6%-67.7%) while those in the oldest group reported the
highest (range 66.1%-72.8%). There was no difference in the prevalence
of walking across BMI categories and the prevalence has remained stable
within BMI categories since 2003. Prevalence of walking tended to be
highest among the highest income group for each survey year; however,
the lower income group had the greatest difference between survey years.
As shown in Figure 1, the majority of Canadians report walking 16
to 60 minutes on each occasion and this trend was consistent for all
survey years. No difference was seen in the distribution of walking
frequency from 1994/95 to 2007, with the highest proportion of
respondents (28%-40%) walking 1-15 times in 3 months (Figure 2). For all
survey cycles, a large proportion of the population reported walking
75-90 times over 3 months (range 16-22%) (Figure 2). Overall, the
prevalence of regular walking increased slightly between 1994/95 and
2001 (4%) but remained relatively stable since at ~30% (Table 2). Women,
older adults and those in the lowest BMI category reported regular
walking more often than men, younger adults and those in the higher BMI
categories. The largest differences were seen between income groups,
where the prevalence decreased as income category increased. Those in
the lowest income group had the highest prevalence but showed no change
between 1994/95 and 2007 (42.6% versus 41.6%, respectively) while those
in the highest income group had the lowest prevalence and the largest
difference between survey years (18.5%-26.8%).
Analysis of EEW revealed that a higher proportion of women compared
to men derived 100% of their LTPAEE from walking. The prevalence was
higher among those in the older age categories, with those in the oldest
age category more than doubling those in the youngest, a trend that was
seen for all survey years except 2007. The prevalence was higher in the
higher BMI groups; however, there was no distinct trend seen between
years. A consistent trend was seen between income groups, with
prevalence being highest among the lowest income group (range
21.2%26.6%) and lowest among the highest income category (range
4.1%-8.0%).
DISCUSSION
In the current study, up to 70% of adults reported walking for
exercise at least once during the recall period, a figure that has
remained stable since 2001. As previously reported by Gilmour, (12) this
study confirms that walking is more prevalent among women than men. A
study among US adults found only a small increase in walking prevalence
among women (6.6%) and men (3.8%) between 1987 and 2000 and, similar to
the present study, no difference in walking frequency or duration of
walking per week was noted between survey years. (15)
The finding that walking is more prevalent among women, older
adults and those in higher income groups is consistent with several
other studies. (13-15) For example, Rafferty et al. reported that
walking was more prevalent among women compared to men (46.5% versus
30.0%), was higher among older age groups and those with higher
education and income in the 1998 Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance
System. (13) The lower prevalence of walking in the American study
compared to the present study may be reflective of differences in study
design as only respondents who reported walking as either their first or
second activity were included.13 These results are contrary to a few
recently published reports that assessed total daily walking within all
domains of daily physical activity. (20,21) Craig et al. showed that in
2004, 30% of Canadian adults walked at least 1 hour/day and the
prevalence was lower among women and low-income earners, older adults
and those with higher education. (20) An American study also found that
regular walking ([greater than or equal to] 5 days/week, [greater than
or equal to] 30 minutes/day) decreased with advancing age in women and
with increasing BMI in both sexes, and was higher in men and those with
less education. (21) Since these studies measured walking within all
domains of physical activity, they likely captured walking in
occupational settings, which may explain the higher prevalence among men
and those with less education since the current study only included
leisure-time walking. (21)
This study found that women, older adults, those with higher BMI
and in lower income groups more often derived 100% of their weekly
LTPAEE from walking. This finding has important implications for public
health interventions since these populations tend to have the lowest
prevalence of physical activity participation; however, (22) further
research is required to determine whether these subgroups are performing
sufficient volumes of walking to realize the full range of health
benefits. Further analysis of the activities contributing to the LTPAEE
of men, younger adults and higher income groups is also required to
ascertain whether these groups are performing sufficient activity to
attain health benefits.
There are several limitations in these analyses that should be
noted. First, the NPHS/CCHS surveys collect self-reported data using
face-to-face or telephone interviews, and the proportion of telephone
interviews has changed across survey years. Results of a mode study
found that significantly more people were classified as inactive when
interviewed face-to-face (42.3%) compared to those who were interviewed
over the telephone (34.4%). (23) It is unknown what effect the mode of
collection has on the estimates of walking prevalence. Second, the
estimates of walking behaviour reported here may be underestimated since
other facets that make up total daily energy expenditure (commuting,
occupation, household tasks, etc.) were not accounted for. Third,
assumptions related to activity intensity, time and duration were made
in the calculation of LTPAEE and EEW. Since intensity was not asked
during the interview, it was assumed that all respondents performed the
activities at the same intensity. Also, since activity duration was
collected as a categorical variable, the actual time was not available,
so an average time was used. Frequency was reported as the number of
occasions over a three-month period, so for this analysis it was assumed
that the frequency was equally distributed over the three months.
Fourth, the CCHS/NPHS questionnaire has not been validated as a means of
measuring walking behaviour explicitly. Finally, the results are
applicable to the population included in the sample of the CCHS/NPHS;
therefore, results may not reflect the walking patterns among those not
included in the survey.
In conclusion, this study demonstrates that although walking has
been a consistently popular activity among Canadian adults, regardless
of age, sex, BMI or income group, only 30% of respondents walk
regularly. Regular walking was higher among women, those in the older
age groups and those with lower BMI and with higher household income.
Deriving 100% of energy expenditure from walking was more prevalent
among women, older adults and those in the highest BMI category. The
popularity of walking among all population subgroups underscores the
importance of public health interventions to promote walking as a viable
means to increase participation in daily physical activity among
Canadian adults.
Received: December 11, 2008
Accepted: March 9, 2009
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Shirley N. Bryan, MKin, [1] Peter T. Katzmarzyk, PhD, FACSM [2]
Author Affiliations
[1.] School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's
University, Kingston, ON; Physical Health Measures Division, Statistics
Canada
[2.] Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
Correspondence: Dr. Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Pennington Biomedical Research
Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, E-mail:
[email protected]
Table 1. Age-standardized * Prevalence (%) and 95% Confidence
Intervals (95% CI) of Leisure-time Walking([dagger]) among
Canadian Adults (18 to 55 Years)
NPHS 1994/95 NPHS 1996/97
% 95% CI % 95% CI
Total 65.6 64.6-67.0 66.3 65.3-67.2
Male 57.2 55.4-59.1 58.3 57.9-59.7
Female 74.2 72.7-75.7 74.1 72.9-75.3
Age Group (yrs)
18-25 64.8 61.5-67.8 62.3 60.2-64.3
26-35 66.2 63.9-68.4 66.6 67.8-68.3
36-45 65.9 63.6-68.0 67.4 65.7-69.1
46-55 66.1 63.6-68.6 67.7 65.8-69.5
Body Mass Index (kg/[m.sup.2])
<25.0 66.5 64.7-68.2 66.4 65.2-67.6
25.0-29.9 63.9 61.5-66.1 65.5 63.8-67.2
[greater than 66.8 62.2-69.2 66.6 63.8-69.3
or equal
to]30
Household Income
<$15,000 66.5 61.9-69.1 65.8 62.1-69.3
$15,000-29,999 60.3 57.2-63.4 63.4 60.6-66.1
$30,000-49,999 66.2 63.9-68.4 66.1 64.1-68.0
$50,000-79,999 67.5 64.8-70.0 68.5 66.4-70.5
$80,000+ 68.7 65.0-72.2 69.4 66.4-72.2
NPHS 1998/99 CCHS 2001
% 95% CI % 95% CI
Total 70.2 69.0-71.4 65.0 64.4-65.5
Male 62.8 60.9-64.7 57.0 56.2-57.8
Female 77.7 76.1-79.2 72.5 71.8-73.2
Age Group (yrs)
18-25 67.7 64.6-70.7 60.9 59.6-62.2
26-35 69.9 67.4-72.2 65.1 64.1-66.1
36-45 71.0 68.8-73.1 64.9 63.9-65.9
46-55 71.5 69.0-73.8 67.9 66.8-68.9
Body Mass Index (kg/[m.sup.2])
<25.0 70.8 68.9-72.6 65.2 64.4-66.0
25.0-29.9 69.2 67.0-71.4 64.8 63.8-65.9
[greater than 71.8 68.3-75.1 64.4 62.9-65.8
or equal
to]30
Household Income
<$15,000 69.2 64.5-73.5 66.1 64.2-67.9
$15,000-29,999 70.6 67.0-73.9 62.7 61.3-64.1
$30,000-49,999 67.7 64.9-70.4 62.7 61.6-63.8
$50,000-79,999 71.4 68.7-73.8 65.0 63.9-66.1
$80,000+ 75.6 72.6-78.3 67.6 66.5-68.7
CCHS 2003 CCHS 2005
% 95% CI % 95% CI
Total 69.0 68.3-69.6 70.7 69.8-71.7
Male 61.8 60.9-62.8 63.4 62.2-64.6
Female 76.0 75.3-76.8 78.0 77.0-79.0
Age Group (yrs)
18-25 65.3 63.9-66.7 67.0 65.3-68.6
26-35 69.3 68.2-70.3 70.8 69.5-72.1
36-45 69.5 68.4-70.5 71.4 70.3-72.5
46-55 70.8 69.7-71.9 72.8 71.5-74.0
Body Mass Index (kg/[m.sup.2])
<25.0 68.6 67.8-69.5 70.8 69.7-71.9
25.0-29.9 68.3 67.2-69.3 70.7 68.4-71.9
[greater than 69.2 67.7-70.6 70.5 68.9 71.9
or equal
to]30
Household Income
<$15,000 69.7 67.5-71.9 71.2 68.9-73.4
$15,000-29,999 64.9 63.0-66.8 67.8 65.7-69.8
$30,000-49,999 65.3 63.8-66.7 68.2 66.4-69.8
$50,000-79,999 69.7 68.5-70.8 70.5 69.2-71.8
$80,000+ 72.1 71.0-73.2 72.6 70.9-74.3
CCHS 2007
% 95% CI
Total 69.6 68.7-70.6
Male 62.3 60.9-63.6
Female 77.0 75.9-78.0
Age Group (yrs)
18-25 67.1 65.2-68.9
26-35 68.6 66.9-70.2
36-45 70.5 68.9-72.1
46-55 71.5 69.8-73.2
Body Mass Index (kg/[m.sup.2])
<25.0 69.5 68.3-70.7
25.0-29.9 69.6 67.9-71.2
[greater than 70.2 68.1-72.3
or equal
to]30
Household Income
<$15,000 71.3 68.0-74.4
$15,000-29,999 65.9 63.3-68.5
$30,000-49,999 65.8 63.7-67.9
$50,000-79,999 69.1 67.3-70.9
$80,000+ 71.7 69.3-74.0
* Estimates and 95% confidence intervals have been standardized to
the 2006 Census population.
([dagger]) Participation in walking for exercise during
leisure-time at least once in the 3 months prior to the interview.
Table 2. Age-standardized * prevalence (%) and 95% Confidence
Intervals (95% CI) of Walking Regularly (at Least 4 Times Each
Week) among Canadian Adults (18-55 Years)
NPHS 1994/95 NPHS 1996/97
% 95% CI % 95% CI
Total 26.1 24.8-27.5 29.3 28.3-30.3
Men 25.0 22.9-27.2 26.4 24.9-28.0
Women 27.1 25.4-28.8 31.5 30.2-32.9
Age Group (yrs)
18-25 25.6 22.4-29.1 29.3 26.8-32.0
26-35 24.6 22.3-27.1 27.4 25.7-29.2
36-45 25.8 23.4-28.4 26.9 25.3-28.6
46-55 28.3 25.6-31.1 33.4 31.2-35.6
BMI Category (kg/[m.sup.2])
<25.0 27.5 25.6-29.3 30.7 29.3-32.1
25.0-29.9 24.0 21.8-26.3 26.8 25.1-28.6
[greater than 25.2 21.7-29.0 25.8 23.2-28.5
or equal to]30
Household Income
<$15,000 42.6 38.3-47.0 41.5 37.6-45.5
$15,000-29,999 30.4 27.0-34.0 34.0 31.0-37.2
$30,000-49,999 27.0 24.2-30.0 28.0 25.9-30.2
$50,000-79,999 22.3 19.7-25.1 24.8 22.7-27.0
$80,000+ 18.5 15.2-22.3 22.9 20.2-25.7
NPHS 1998/99 CCHS 2001
% 95% CI % 95% CI
Total 27.0 25.6-28.4 29.5 28.9-30.1
Men 25.1 23.0-27.4 27.1 26.2-28.1
Women 28.5 26.7-30.5 31.2 30.5-32.1
Age Group (yrs)
18-25 22.8 18.5-26.5 27.8 26.5-29.2
26-35 23.8 21.3-26.1 27.4 26.2-28.6
36-45 27.0 24.5-29.7 27.8 26.8-28.9
46-55 32.9 29.9-36.1 34.3 33.1-35.4
BMI Category (kg/[m.sup.2])
<25.0 28.2 26.2-30.2 31.3 30.3-32.2
25.0-29.9 26.5 24.1-29.0 27.4 26.3-28.5
[greater than 24.4 20.7-28.6 27.6 26.0-29.3
or equal to]30
Household Income
<$15,000 43.1 38.0-48.4 43.4 52.9-57.2
$15,000-29,999 30.5 26.7-34.5 34.9 51.1-55.0
$30,000-49,999 26.0 23.2-29.0 30.5 53.4-56.2
$50,000-79,999 23.1 20.7-25.8 27.2 53.2-55.8
$80,000+ 21.2 18.2-24.6 24.7 52.5-55.4
CCHS 2003 CCHS 2005
% 95% CI % 95% CI
Total 29.8 29.2-30.4 29.8 29.2-30.4
Men 27.8 26.8-28.7 27.0 26.2-27.9
Women 31.5 30.6-32.3 32.0 31.2-32.9
Age Group (yrs)
18-25 26.0 24.5-27.6 28.1 26.8-29.4
26-35 26.6 25.5-27.7 27.6 26.6-28.6
36-45 30.1 28.9-31.3 29.1 28.0-30.1
46-55 35.2 34.0-36.5 33.8 32.5-35.1
BMI Category (kg/[m.sup.2])
<25.0 32.0 31.0-32.9 32.4 31.5-33.3
25.0-29.9 27.7 26.6-28.8 27.3 26.2-28.3
[greater than 26.6 25.1-28.1 25.4 23.9-26.9
or equal to]30
Household Income
<$15,000 36.6 36.8-42.4 45.6 42.7-48.5
$15,000-29,999 35.9 33.9-37.8 36.7 34.7-38.9
$30,000-49,999 30.8 29.4-32.2 31.5 30.0-32.9
$50,000-79,999 27.7 26.5-28.9 28.1 27.0-29.2
$80,000+ 26.6 25.5-27.7 25.5 23.8-27.3
CCHS 2007
% 95% CI
Total 30.0 29.1-30.9
Men 27.3 25.9-28.7
Women 32.1 31.0-33.3
Age Group (yrs)
18-25 27.9 25.9-30.1
26-35 27.6 26.1-29.3
36-45 30.3 28.7-32.0
46-55 33.3 31.6-35.0
BMI Category (kg/[m.sup.2])
<25.0 32.4 31.1-33.7
25.0-29.9 27.5 25.9-29.2
[greater than 26.4 24.3-28.5
or equal to]30
Household Income
<$15,000 41.6 38.0-45.4
$15,000-29,999 37.2 34.1-40.4
$30,000-49,999 31.4 29.2-33.7
$50,000-79,999 27.3 25.6-29.2
$80,000+ 26.8 24.4-29.4
* Estimates and 95% confidence intervals have been age-standardized
to the 2006 Census population.
Table 3. Age-standardized * Prevalence (%) and 95% Confidence
Intervals (95% CI) of Canadian Adults for Whom 100% of Their
Total Leisure-time Physical Activity Energy Expenditure Was
Obtained through Walking
NPHS 1994/95 NPHS 1996/97
% 95% CI % 95% CI
Total 10.4 9.4-11.4 16.5 15.7-17.4
Male 8.4 7.1-9.9 14.0 12.9-15.3
Female 11.9 10.6-13.3 18.5 17.4-19.6
Age Group (yrs)
18-25 5.9 4.4-7.8 10.8 9.5-12.4
26-35 9.5 7.9-11.4 14.5 13.1-15.9
36-45 10.7 9.0-12.6 16.8 15.4-18.3
46-55 14.1 11.8-16.7 22.2 20.1-24.4
Body Mass Index (kg/[m.sup.2])
<25.0 9.9 8.6-11.4 15.9 14.7-17.2
25.0-29.9 10.6 9.0-12.5 14.6 13.2-16.2
[greater than 11.5 8.7-15.1 18.8 16.4-21.3
or equal
to]30
Household Income
<$15,000 21.2 17.6-25.4 25.0 21.4-29.0
$15,000-29,999 14.1 11.3-17.6 19.6 17.3-22.2
$30,000-49,999 12.0 10.1-14.1 17.7 16.1-19.4
$50,000-79,999 6.7 5.2-8.6 11.9 10.6-13.3
$80,000+ 4.1 2.6-6.4 8.0 6.6-9.8
NPHS 1998/99 CCHS 2001
% 95% CI % 95% CI
Total 11.3 10.2-12.6 13.7 13.2-14.2
Male 9.0 7.6-10.7 10.4 9.8-11.1
Female 13.2 11.7-14.9 16.1 15.5-16.8
Age Group (yrs)
18-25 6.7 5.1-8.6 8.4 7.6-9.4
26-35 10.4 8.4-12.9 12.5 11.7-13.5
36-45 12.2 10.4-14.2 14.0 13.2-15.0
46-55 14.6 12.2-17.5 18.1 17.1-19.2
Body Mass Index (kg/[m.sup.2])
<25.0 10.8 9.4-12.4 13.2 12.5-13.9
25.0-29.9 10.4 8.5-12.5 12.4 11.6-13.3
[greater than 15.3 12.3-19.0 16.1 14.7-17.6
or equal
to]30
Household Income
<$15,000 23.7 19.2-28.9 26.6 24.5-28.7
$15,000-29,999 15.5 21.8-18.7 20.9 19.3-22.6
$30,000-49,999 11.8 9.6-14.4 16.5 15.4-17.7
$50,000-79,999 7.3 5.8-9.2 11.5 10.7-12.5
$80,000+ 4.9 3.6-6.6 7.7 6.9-8.5
CCHS 2003 CCHS 2005
% 95% CI % 95% CI
Total 9.0 8.6-9.4 8.9 8.2-9.6
Male 7.4 6.8-7.9 6.9 6.2-7.6
Female 10.3 9.7-10.9 10.5 9.7-11.3
Age Group (yrs)
18-25 5.7 4.9-6.5 5.5 4.8-6.3
26-35 7.5 6.9-8.2 8.4 7.5-9.4
36-45 9.4 8.6-10.2 8.9 8.0-9.8
46-55 12.4 11.6-13.2 11.8 10.8-12.8
Body Mass Index (kg/[m.sup.2])
<25.0 8.5 8.0-9.0 8.6 7.8-9.4
25.0-29.9 7.8 7.2-8.5 7.6 6.8-8.3
[greater than 10.9 9.8-12.1 11.3 10.0-12.7
or equal
to]30
Household Income
<$15,000 21.2 19.0-23.6 21.6 19.0-24.4
$15,000-29,999 17.2 15.4-19.2 14.5 12.8-16.3
$30,000-49,999 11.8 10.6-13.0 11.4 10.2-12.6
$50,000-79,999 7.3 6.6-8.0 8.0 7.2-9.0
$80,000+ 4.3 3.9-4.8 6.7 5.6-7.9
CCHS 2007
% 95% CI
Total 10.9 10.0-11.8
Male 8.3 7.2-9.4
Female 13.0 12.0-14.1
Age Group (yrs)
18-25 7.1 6.0-8.4
26-35 9.3 9.3-11.9
36-45 9.4 9.4-12.0
46-55 12.6 21.6-15.9
Body Mass Index (kg/[m.sup.2])
<25.0 11.3 10.2-12.5
25.0-29.9 8.9 7.9-10.1
[greater than 11.5 9.9-13.2
or equal
to]30
Household Income
<$15,000 24.8 21.4-28.6
$15,000-29,999 22.8 19.8-26.1
$30,000-49,999 13.8 11.9-16.0
$50,000-79,999 10.0 8.7-11.4
$80,000+ 7.4 6.0-9.2
* Estimates and 95% confidence intervals have been
age-standardized to the 2006 Census population.
