Investigation of cutting tool diameter influencing wire cutting operation accuracy using several matrix configurations.

Dundulis, R. ; Bortkevicius, R.

1. Introduction

Process description and actuality of the work. In the paper there is presented an investigation from JSC ITAB NOVENA manufactured products, containing shape disalignments, i.e. cutting wire strip with oval matrix and the punch cannot ensure needed geometric form, therefore it is in need to propose the other geometric shape tools: bigger form of cutting tools. In the paper it is discussed various punch/matrix ratio influence to the wire strip endings area and it's precision. The researches have been conducted using several matrix diametric configuration. Here in presented deformational characteristically curves using various diameters ovalic cutting tools. There were used various diameters wire strip diameters specimens.

The objective of the investigation is to determine the most effective methods to turn strip endings to ovals since at the present time it is getting into sort of shape of triangular. Three main problems were investigated: 1 - the change of cross-sectional area in the cutting place, 2 - bending angle, 3 - monotonous strain distribution in the axial direction of wire strip. Cutting operation were investigated by scientists [1], where is described full formation of the chip in the cutting operation, described material models used in the modelling orthogonal cut [2], elements for modelling cutting operation is fully presented by scientists [3, 4] which models are for used for cutting and also include high strain rates and plastic deformation therefore are replicated with our investigation. One parameter is missing in the works of scientists - material changes in its initial geometry when harder tool initiates a cut [5]. Orthogonal cut is investigated in the scientific works [6, 7, 8]. Here in cutting operation presented when the sharp tool cuts softer material. Major problem of investigation must be considering how rank angle influence the penetration depth [7, 8]. And later on forms a chip. No change in initial geometry are observed. Major object of orthogonal cut is to determine right tool geometry to cut materials with minimized cutting force, and to reduce friction to the lowest possible values [1, 2, 9]. There is a lack of investigation when material is cut with a tool which rank angle is at 90[degrees].

Problem. During normal workday, factory worker cuts several thousand wires strips, which later on goes to the end-customer. The end customer wants to buy thousand wire-strips of different diameter. In order to cut wanted diameter it needed to over-change the punch and the matrix, which is suited for the only particular wire diameter. The end customer started to comply about the quality of the wire strip ends. So the major problem of the investigation is the changed geometry of wire strip endings after the cutting operation. Therefore, the object of the investigation is wire strip endings and the determination of the right cutting tool.

Novelty. The rank angle is considered as obtuse angle [4, 9]. In the present investigation material is cut with mentioned rake angle, so actual cutting operation it is hard to describe. Three phases of cutting operation where there founded and investigated. Some of the problems are related with a modelling in itself. In the past years cutting operation where were modelling with solid elements in three dimensions [4, 8]. Recent years scientists [10, 11, 12, 13, 14] tries to use SPH modelling of cutting operation.

Paper ends up with determined mechanical characteristics of specimens. Identified 3 critical zones where most likely the fracture will occur and begins. In these 3 zones plastic deformation distributed not evenly. In those zones there were measured specimens area reduction and compared with plastic deformation distribution and variation. Accordingly, the most important set of plastic strain ratio were determined.

2. Testing procedures

In order to determine the best available quality for wire cutting operation there was constructed wire cutting tool, where major components consisted of classical cutting equipment: the tool holder 1 (it is a main equipment for force supplying), the punch 2 and the matrix 3. It can be seen in the Fig. 1, a.

The punch and the matrix configuration suited only for specific wire diameter and it can be seen in the Fig. 1, b. Here in number 1 designated exchangeable matrix tools and 2 designated exchangeable punch tools. In order to make an investigation there were choosing several simple wire components raging in diameter from [empty set]2 to [empty set]6 mm. Several different types of cutting equipment there were tested in order to find the best economically based and quality based solution. To make research in to more deep there was conducted an experiment with equipment stored in the company JSC "ITAB NOVENA" and all copyrights of used equipment solely be-long to the mentioned company. Cut cross section view of the wire strip with a tool (Fig. 1) are given in the Fig. 2. Here in are indicated 3 crucial zones after cutting operation. Experimental measuring of cross section was made using 3D scanner with scanning processing precision of 0.2 [micro]m. 3D scanned view of the wire strip with 3 significant areas can be seen in the Fig. 3, a. The same wire strip has been photographed with ordinary camera. Photo can be seen in the Fig. 3, b. The results of measuring fully matches between scanned object and measured with properties though specimens were taken from one Kaunas Mechel factory. Material to produce wires are delivered from single supplier in the Russian federation. Withdrawn in Kaunas Mechel factory as well as made final heat treatment. Material grade to make a wire identified in the Table 1.

[FIGURE 1 OMITTED]

[FIGURE 2 OMITTED]

Therefore, mechanical properties between wire should be identical but it is not so. In order to complete investigation of chosen materials there was in need to complete an investigation of tension test. Investigation were accomplished in the Kaunas University of Technology. Tension test machine gripers were specially constructed for given wire strips. Special form of gripers was designed in order to clamp wire strips between clutches in order to create no movement there in. Several designs of clutches were introduced to make an experiment, but only one was suited for particular experimental studies. Tested material mechanical properties are given in the Table 1. In the both Figs. 2 and 3 there is and the 4th zone, which must be treated as non-perfect and so has to be treated as defect. Though this 4th zone is not included in cross-sectional measurements but it is very important. As a matter of fact, all deformed specimens have had similar shape of deformed 4th zone. The shape replicates the shape of parabola.

Zones in the cut area do not replicated any known shape describable by any canonical equation. It need to mention, that the 4th zone has identical deformation no matter of cutting tool diameter and wire strip diameter itself. The material properties in the investigation of various specimens there were gained not identical mechanical properties though specimens were taken from one Kaunas Mechel factory.

In the Table 2 indexes denote: [[sigma].sub.p] is limit of proportionality, MPa; [e.sub.y] is yield strain component of the tested material; [[sigma].sub.Y] is yield stress component of the tested material, MPa; [[sigma].sub.u] is ultimate stress state, MPa; [e.sub.u] is ultimate strain state; [[sigma].sub.f] is stress at fracture, MPa; E is Young modulus, MPa Wire specimen no indicate the tested material rank number and figures beside rank number indicate tested material diameter.

[FIGURE 3 OMITTED]

3. Investigation of cutting operation by FEM

Finite element model was created using FEM software LS-Dyna [4, 6]. This model can be analysed in the Fig. 4. FEM model consist of the following equipment: 1 - exchangeable punch, 2 - ex-changeable matrix, and 3 is wire strip. In order to check whether the oval shape is the best available shape for cutting operation there were proposed other cutting shapes: hybrid 1 (consisting from oval punch, which diameter equal to the cutting material diameter and the matrix which diameter is bigger than cutting material diameter).

These shapes are presented in the Fig. 5. The investigation was carried out using several (in this experimental studies we were using 5 different matrix diameters) matrix configuration: 1 matrix is equal to diameter of cutting material as well as diameter of the punch. The 2-nd matrix is 15% bigger than cutting material. The 3-rd matrix 24% bigger then initial matrix diameter. The 4-th matrix is 32% bigger then initial matrix diameter. And the 5-th matrix is 39% bigger then initial matrix diameter.

[FIGURE 4 OMITTED]

[FIGURE 5 OMITTED]

Boundary conditions satisfying experimental problem formulated in the Fig. 6 one end of work piece is fixed in the punch and cannot be moved through another end in free to move in the Z direction (orthogonal cut [1-6]).

[FIGURE 6 OMITTED]

[FIGURE 7 OMITTED]

Several unknowns of workpiece are indicated: [empty set]d is diameter of workpiece, [empty set]D is diameter of cutting tools, U is cutting tool displacement as function of time, t is distance between cutting tools, [phi] is rake angle, [S.sub.1] and [S.sub.2] are an edge of curled edge after cutting operation in orthogonal direction, [n.sub.1] and [n.sub.2] are curled edge after cutting operation in longitudinal direction. In the present investigation distance between cutting tools was chosen to be without any gap and the influence of this parameter (designated t in the Fig. 6) are not the intensions of this paper and will be presented in the future. FEM of orthogonal cutis given in the Fig. 7. Here in can be seen 3 significant zones. Actual experiment was performed without any gap between tools, though in reality it is impossible to create any cutting tool without a gap. So it will be in a tolerance of around 0.2 mm. All units in calculation and experimental studies are in SI. Though calculation with LS-Dyna are as following: ton, mm, s, N. In the investigation there were used material model from LS-Dyna material library:

*Piece_wise_linear_plasticity, where few modulus where chosen according to equation 1 and 2:

E = d[sigma]/d[epsilon], [sigma] < [[sigma].sub.Y], (1)

[E.sub.TAN] = d[sigma]/d[epsilon], [sigma] > [[sigma].sub.Y], (2)

where E is Young modulus, d[sigma] is true of stress increments, d[epsilon] is true strain increments, [[sigma].sub.Y] is yield stress, [E.sub.TAN] is tangent modulus. Final equation of the material model it is used:

[[sigma].sub.Y] ([[epsilon].sup.p.sub.eff] [[??].sup.p.sub.eff]) = [[sigma].sup.s.sub.Y]([[epsilon].sup.p.sub.eff]) [1 + [([[??].sup.p.sub.eff]/C).sup.1/p]], (3)

here [[sigma].sub.Y] is yield stress, [[epsilon].sup.p.sub.eff] is effective plastic strain, [[??].sup.p.sub.eff] is effective plastic strain rate, [[sigma].sup.s.sub.Y] is static stress component, C is constant, p is Cowper and Symonds coefficient.

[FIGURE 8 OMITTED]

[FIGURE 9 OMITTED]

Tension test apparatus can be seen in the Fig. 8. To fully matched FEM with experimental investigation there were chosen experimental mechanical curves use in the FEM and do the same tension test but this time numerically [7]. Numerical tension test investigations were made with software LS-Dyna using single precision solver and 64 bit system [4]. Experimental curves from tension test and curves from FEM can be seen in the Fig. 9. The highest mismatched between two methodologies are gained then was testing material No. 4 and this is 8.93%. Other specimens are situated bellow this value. The average stress component from experiments are 1122 MPa. From finite element analysis stress component are only 5 MPa (the percentage expression is 2.83).

4. Results

To compare and relate methodologies (experimental and numerical) there were made an investigation of cross-section area (A, A', A") measurement. The cross-section where measured in the real specimen after 3D scanned (Fig. 3, a) and also cross-section area (A") data, taken from FE model. The comparison of cross-section area where made in relation with theoretical data (A). The results are provided in the Fig. 10. Here in one can see specimens' cross-section A measured in [mm.sup.2] dependence on the specimens' initial diameter d, mm. Designation A'-d means, that measurements were taken from 3D scanned view. Curve d-A means theoretical cross-section area, without deformation. The 3rd curve d-A' ' means the same cross-section area dependence on initial diameter, but data are taken from FE model. The difference of measured data from 3D scan and data taken from FEM is in between 4 percent. So this FEM data we treating as reliable. True strain of a particular cross-section also is given in the Fig. 10. Cross-section deformation (dA) dependence from a value of diameter (d) do not revealed any significant deviation from a nominal value and it can be treated as linear. Though the measurements were made at the final stage of cutting and it might be possible that nonlinearity of cross-sectional are can be obtained in between the cutting operation stages. This can be perfectly be grasped from the Fig. 11 - Fig. 15 where were obtained nonlinearity in between cutting stages. Higher and this fully satisfies an investigation data precision [9, 10]. Experimental cross-sectional view with problematic areas are given in the Figs. 3, b and 4. Numerical analogue view are given in the Fig. 7 the 3 zones are clear. In the experimental view only 2 zones can be identified from the picture.

[FIGURE 10 OMITTED]

Though the 3-rd zone can be derived at very endings of the cross-sectional view. After the experimental studies of all diameters wires were completed we examined the most critical place of the wire strip where most likely the fracture will occur [11, 12]. We examined the overall change of area A (listed by the numbers I-V) in parallel with major stress component [[sigma].sub.1] (listed by the numbers 1-5) (Figs. from 11 to 15).

[FIGURE 11 OMITTED]

[FIGURE 12 OMITTED]

[FIGURE 13 OMITTED]

The common axis of abscises designated for plastic strain [[[epsilon].sub.pl]] distribution. The results from Figures show some common features of wire strip cutting operation. Then diameter of matrix is equal or slightly bigger than the diameter of wire strip (designated 1 and I in the Figs. 11-15) the bending operation begins and plastic deformation are growing straight forward depending on the position of the punch. In the major stress intensity [[sigma].sub.1] shows all investigated diameters influenced wire in the context of bending. The differences between ratio of matrix and the punch shows that increasing matrix diameter proportionally give the wire experiences fracture not at the same stress level, though the plastic deformation [[[epsilon].sub.pl]] component. The change of are visible only for I and II matrix configuration. And there is no any major distinction between those two. Fig. 9 shows little difference between previous Figure in context of major stress intensity [[sigma].sub.1]. Only 1 matrix configuration differs from other. 2 - 5 matrix configuration show only minor differences.

[FIGURE 14 OMITTED]

[FIGURE 15 OMITTED]

Though area of the cut cross section have had an area change and it is quite obvious. The reduction of cross sections are: for the matrix I is 14%, II - 13%, III - 7%, IV - 3% and V - 5%. Figure 11 revealed that major stress component has a negative sign, what means that fracture in the cut area begins after compression of wire strip between cutting tools. The reduction of cross sections are: for the matrix I is 12%, II - 18%, III - 7.16%, IV - 12% and V - 18%. In the Fig. 11 can be seen a little different view Here in major stress component has unexpected changes between 1st and 5th. Matrix configuration. Matrix 3, 4 and the 5th have a tendency of negative major component until reach a 0.15 [[epsilon].sub.pl] and then experience a positive sign i.e. wire strip experience a tension with no compression at all. But since wire strip of diameter 5 has fractured under around 0.12-0.15 of plastic deformation and around 700 MPa of major stress it looks that at the particular case a fracture of wire strip experienced then major stress component had a negative sign not depending on matrix configuration. The reduction of cross section are: I is 15%, II - 13%, III 16%, IV - 15% and V - 13%. That means that reduction of cross section uphold quit the same rate of reduction between matrix configurations. In the Fig. 12 there are absolute different situation from the Fig. 11. Fracture begins at the compression. And no real reduction of cross section is noticed.

5. Conclusions

1. Seven different diameters wire strips were tested. Mechanical characteristics by tension test were determined. Seven numerical experiments were examined by changing diameters of punch giving a total of 35 different experiment versions.

1. Based on these findings it is recommended to use results in the design of the new metal sheet cutting tools. As well it is recommended to use these findings in manufacturing of wire strips.

2. Diameter of cutting tool does not influence the wire trip endings; though the ratio of tool/wire does influence the wire strip endings.

3. No single shape solution were determined for a better wire strip end shape since all proposed shapes provided quite huge variation of the idle shape.

4. Oval shape of cutting tool gave an inclination at four sides of wire strip and it cannot be considered as a better shape over others.

5. No better cutting shape was determined, since material for wire strips are in the wide range.

Received October 23, 2015

Accepted November 12, 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.21.6.13477

References

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[5.] Kaya, H.; Ucar, M.; Cengiz, A.; Samur, R.; Ozyurek, D.; Caliskan, A. 2014. Novel molding technique for ECAP process and effects on hardness of AA7075, Mechanika 20(1): 5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.20.L4207.

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R. Dundulis *, R. Bortkevicius **

* Kaunas University of Technology, Studenty 56, 51424 Kaunas, Lithuania, E-mail: [email protected]

** Kaunas University of Applied Engineering Sciences, Tvirtoves al. 35, LT-50155 Kaunas, Lithuania, E-mail: [email protected]

Table 1
Technical specification

[empty set],     Tensile     Standard      Steel     Standard for
mm              strength,   for steel      grade       chemical
                   MPa       product                 composition

1.0-1.8         1000-1200   EN 10218-2   SAE 1006;      ASTM A
                            (DIN 177)    SAE 1008        510M
2.0-6.0          590-830

Table 2
Mechanical characteristics of tested specimens

Wire        Diameter of   [[sigma].sub.p],   [e.sub.y]
specimen     wire, mm           MPa
number

No.1            2.2             580           0.0029
No.2            2.5             500           0.0028
No.3           3.06             530           0.00313
No.4            3.4             560           0.0033
No.5             4              440            0.002
No.6             5              440           0.0022
No.7             6              360           0.0021

Wire        [[sigma].sub.Y],   [[sigma].sub.u],   [e.sub.u]
specimen          MPa                MPa
number

No.1              915                936           0.00482
No.2              784                802           0.0049
No.3              750                789           0.00828
No.4              838                862           0.00843
No.5              705                727           0.0071
No.6              710                741           0.0063
No.7              590                623           0.0088

Wire        [[sigma].sub.f],   E, MPa
specimen          MPa
number

No.1              1190         196756
No.2              1160         177368
No.3              1119         169276
No.4              1169         169910
No.5              1004         215651
No.6              1081         196612
No.7              1070         171626