An empirical analysis of the impact of industrialization on infrastructure development in Himachal Pradesh.

Sharma, Vijay Kumar ; Vashist, Roshan Lal ; Sharma, Nishu 等

The importance of infrastructure for sustained economic development is well recognized. Infrastructure is a comprehensive term that comprises of necessary inputs, which are said to be the contributing factors in the development process. For the growth and development of industry we require power, roads, transportation, communication, banking and insurance etc. All these facilities together called as infrastructure of an economy. Hence development of infrastructure is necessary for the development of an economy. It plays an important role in the industrialisation of any region. On the other hand, industrial development of any region also affects the development of infrastructural facilities. Maizels (1963) had concluded that industrialization plays a crucial role in the development of a country by raising income, by creating and widening employment opportunities, by expanding trade and commerce and thereby increase the pace of capital formation and technology changes. Simon Kuznet (1948) looks industrialisation as "the permanent growth of the proportion of the non-agricultural sectors within the national economy running with considerable increase of the total industrial production as well as with the spread of up-to-date technology. Jozsef Bognar stated that industrialisation is an economic and social process affecting not only the technological standards of the given country but also the habits of the consumers, the way of thinking and the organization of the actions, processes and events in the life of the given society. Kerr (1962) pointed out that industrialisation helps to create an increasing level of general education for all, not only because it facilitates flexibility among the work-force, but also because as incomes rise, natural curiosity increases for formal education. Prasad (1957) was of the view that the impact of rapid industrialisation will by no means be confined only to economic sector of the people's life, influencing effectively the rate and process of saving and employment, but also shaping the social life favorable, providing the base for further industrialisation. Thus, the process of industrialisation in a particular region not only influence the economic sphere of people's life by raising income and employment opportunities but it also influences the social and cultural life with increased opportunities for education, superior housing, public health and other infrastructural facilities.

The review of literature has highlighted the various issues related to industrialization and development (Dhar et al., 1961; Singh, 1982; Lal, 1987; Sharma, 1998; Reddy, 1990; Dadibhavi, 1991; Gayithri, 1997; Mitra, 1999). No useful and prudent investigations have so far been conducted regarding impact of industrialisation on infrastructural development in Himachal Pradesh. This is the most important consideration, which has governed the choice of the research work. Therefore the present study is an attempt to examine the impact of industrialisation in infrastructural development in Himachal Pradesh. Main infrastructural aspects covered in this analysis are education, health, transport and communication, housing, electricity and water supply, banking, insurance, hotels and restaurants, parks and picnic spots and shopping facilities. Though the study is confined to Himachal Pradesh, is obviously has relevance and significance in industrial development in other states of India as well.

Objectives

In general the broad objective of the investigation is to study the impact of industrialization on infrastructure development in Himachal Pradesh. However, more specifically the objectives of the study are:

* To elicit the opinion and analyze the results of the role of industrialization in the development of social infrastructural facilities in Himachal Pradesh.

* To analyze the results of the opinion survey about the impact of industrialization on the development of economic infrastructure facilities in Himachal Pradesh.

Hypothesis

Keeping in view the objectives of the study, an attempt has been made to test the hypothesis that there is significant difference in the distribution of opinion of the respondents on social and economic infrastructure development.

Methodology

The primary data for the study has been collected with help of schedules from the sampled respondents of selected industrial areas of Himachal Pradesh namely Parwanoo, Baddi, Kala-Amb and Poanta Sahib to carry out an exhaustive and in depth study of the impact of industrialization in the development of infrastructure. The empirical results of the study are based on the information collected on 5-point scale through a sample survey of 300 respondents during the year 2005-06 from two districts viz Solan and Sirmour. These districts have been selected on account of the fact that the maximum number of medium and large-scale industries and adequate number of small-scale industries are located in these two districts. The population for the sample study of consists of the people residing in the nearby villages of the above industrial areas. The data collected from the sample respondents has been properly classified, analyzed and interpreted by applying the various statistical/mathematical tools and techniques to draw appropriate inferences and conclusions. The statistical and mathematical tools used in this study are arithmetic mean, standard deviation, skewness and [X.sup.2] test of goodness of fit.

Results and Discussion

Infrastructure Facilities

The opinion of respondents regarding impact of industrialisation on modernization of infrastructure facilities has been presented in Table1. Majority of respondents either agree or strongly agree with the statement that industrialisation has resulted in modernization of infrastructure facilities in Himachal Pradesh.

The mean score of aggregate responses is 3.5733 with negative skewness (-.312).This indicates that the distribution of respondents is highly skewed towards higher side of the mean and reflects that large number of the respondents agree with this statement. The [X.sup.2] test of goodness of fit also supports the above finding, as there is a significant difference in the distribution of opinion of respondents on 5-point scale. The breakup of the respondents on the basis of these industrial areas also supports the above statement. Largely the respondents of Parwanoo, Baddi, Kala-Amb and Poanta Sahib agree with the statement that industrialization is helpful in the modernization of infrastructure facilities in these areas. This is clear as the mean score of the responses in these places are high and above the average standard mean score.

The negative value of the coefficient of skewness of the opinion of the respondents also supports the fact that majority of the responses are concentrated towards higher side of mean score (3). The [X.sup.2] values of the test of goodness of fit in each of these areas are also significant. District-wise break-up of the responses also shows that the aggregate mean score of Solan and Sirmour districts are high and negatively skewed. Thus, a large number of respondents of Solan (68%) and of Sirmour (64%) districts are in agreement with to the fact that industrialisation has contributed in greater impact on the improvement and modernization of infrastructural facilities.

Industrialization and Education

Primary Education

The perception of the respondents on the impact of industrialisation on the development of primary education has been given in Table 2. Industrialisation has made significant contributions in the development of primary educational facilities in these places. This is evident from the high mean score (3.1433) of the overall responses of these respondents. The value of the coefficient of skewness (-.667) also supports this fact that there is an improvement in primary education as there opinion is highly concentrated towards the higher side of the mean. The [X.sup.2] value of goodness of fit is also highly significant. It statistically supports the finding that majority of respondents are agree that after industrialisation there is significant increase in the number of primary schools. The break-up of the responses on the basis of industrial areas the also indicates similar pattern. The mean scores of these industrial areas ranges between 3.0267 to 3.3600.

The value of mean scores and the coefficient of skewness indicate that the opinion of large number of respondents in each industrial area fall between agree and strongly agree responses and are highly concentrated towards higher side of the standard mean score (3). Thus industrialisation has made positive contribution in the development of primary education in these places. The [X.sup.2] values of the test of goodness of fit in these areas are also highly significant. This statistically supports the above finding. Districtwise analysis of mean scores and value of the coefficient of skewness also indicate similar pattern in the development of primary education.

Secondary Education

The perception of the respondents on the impact of industrialisation in the development of educational facilities at the level of secondary and senior secondary education has been exhibited in Table 3. The overall mean score is also high (3.1200) with negative value of the coefficient of skewness (-.650) and the chi-square value is also significant. This indicates that most of the respondents have given positive responses i.e. agree and strongly agree for the statement that industrialisation is helpful in increasing high/senior secondary schools education. The break-up of the perception of the respondents on the basis of industrial areas also reveals almost the similar trend with minor exception. The mean score of respondents of Parwanoo, Baddi, Kala-Amb and Poanta Sahib ranged between 2.9865 to 3.6133.

The response is almost evenly divided among the respondents of Parwanoo and Baddi with support the above statement, while the response is slightly favorable among the respondents of Kala-Amb and Poanta Sahib with respect to this statement. The negative values of the coefficient of skewness also indicate that responses are slightly concentrated towards higher side of the mean. The [X.sup.2] values for each industrial area are also highly significant.

Thus, it can be concluded that industrialisation has helped in the development of educational facilities in these Places. However the magnitude of development of secondary education has been more in Kala-Amb and Poanta-Sahib in comparison to Parwanoo and Baddi. The mean scores of responses of Solan and Sirmour districts are 3.00 and 3.24 respectively with negative values of the coefficient of skewness. The [X.sup.2] values are also significant. This shows that by and large the respondents of these districts are favorably inclined to statement that industrialisation is helpful for the development of education imparting facilities.

Higher Education

The responses of the sampled respondents regarding impact of industrialisation on higher educational facilities such as government / private colleges has been presented in Table 4. An overwhelmingly large number of respondents of each industrial area with the exception of Poanta-Sahib gave negative response regarding this statement.

The mean score of overall response is low (2.5500) and the mean scores of all industrial areas except Poanta-Sahib are also low. The value of the coefficient of skewness (0.375) of overall response is positive and ranged between 0.765 to 1.035 in case of all industrial areas except Poanta-Sahib.

It supports the fact that majority of respondents disagree with the statement that industrial development results in the increase in higher educational facilities. However in Poanta-Sahib the industrialisation resulted in the improvement of higher educational facilities. The [X.sup.2] test of goodness of fit also rejected the hypothesis that the opinion of respondents is equally distributed. Thus, it also statistically supports above inferences that most of respondents agree with the above statement in Poanta Sahib.

Professional and Technical Education

The opinion of respondents regarding impact of industrialisation on the development professional and technical education has been presented in Table 5. Largely the respondents feel that the industrialization resulted in the increase in professional and technicalinstitutions in these places on account of better employment opportunities . The overall means score of the responses is 3.4933. It indicates that majority of respondents either agree or strongly agree with this statement. The value of the coefficient of skewness of overall responses is -.394 which also depicts that majority opinion of the respondents lies towards higher side of mean. The highly significant value of chi-square also indicates significant difference in the distribution of opinion of respondents. It is concentrated more towards agree and strongly agree. Industrial area wise the break-up of opinion of respondents on the basis of industrial areas also shows similar trend. The values of mean scores are high in all these segments with negative value of coefficient of skewness.

The [X.sup.2] test of goodness of fit also show significant difference in the distribution of opinion of the respondents. In aggregate, the mean-score of opinion of the respondents of Solan and Sirmour are also high and negatively skewed. It also indicates a similar trend as in individual industrial area. Thus, statistically it can be concluded that majority of respondents are of the opinion that industrialisation has resulted in the development of professional and technical institutions in these areas.

Health Facilities

The views of respondents about impact of industrialization in the improvement and development of medical facilities have been presented in Table 6. Majority of respondents feels that industrialization has resulted in the improvement of the health services. The statistical analysis shows that the mean score (3.3167) of aggregate responses is greater than the average score (3). This shows that majority of respondents has given favorable responses to the statement the medical facilities have been increased with the development of industrial activities in these localities. The chi-square value also indicates significant difference in the distribution of opinion of the respondents.

Thus, the majority of the respondents either agree or strongly agree with this statement. The breakup industrial area-wise analysis of mean scores also shows that in each industrial area an overwhelming number of respondent are either agree or strongly agree with this statement. The high value of aggregate mean scores of the respondents of Solan and Sirmour districts also depict the same results. Similarly the highly significant [X.sup.2] values also support the above finding.

Road Network

The perception of respondents regarding impact of industrialisation in the development of road network is presented in Table 7. The mean score (4.1067) of aggregate responses is very high and falls between agree and strongly agree responses. An overwhelming number of respondents feel that there is tremendous improvement in the road network in these areas. The highly negative value of the coefficient of skewness (-.832) also supports this and indicates maximum concentration of opinion of respondents agree or strongly agree on five point scale.

The highly significant value of [X.sup.2] also indicate significant difference in the distribution of opinion of respondents.

Therefore it also gives statistically support to the finding that this has been significant improvement in the road network with the development of industrial activities in these areas.

The break-up of the opinion on the basis of these industrial areas also support above finding. This is also supported by the significantly high negative values of the coefficient of skewness. The [X.sup.2] test of goodness of fit indicates that the distribution of the opinion of the respondents is not equally distributed and is concentrated more towards higher side on the five point scale.

Housing Infrastructure

It is generally believed that the development of industries in a particular area gives impetus for the faster development of housing infrastructure in the catchment areas. The responses regarding this statement are exhibited in Table 8. A large majority of the respondents feel that industrialisation has given fillip to the development of housing infrastructure in the near by areas. The mean score (3.7200) of overall responses is high with negative the coefficient of skewness (-.217). This means that large majority of respondents either agree and strongly agree with the above statement. The [X.sup.2] test of goodness of fit also shows a significant difference in the distribution of opinion of the respondents as chi-square value is highly significant. Industrial area-wise

break-up of the mean scores also show a similar trend in the distribution of opinion of the respondents regarding housing infrastructure. The majority of respondents in each industrial area agree with the statement that the housing infrastructure has been improved due to increase in industrial activities. The housing infrastructure has been improved in both the districts. As the mean scores of the respondents in these districts are high and negatively skewed. The [X.sup.2] test for goodness of fit also shows the significant difference in the distribution of opinion of the respondents in each of these two districts. Thus, the statistical analysis shows that industrialisation has improved the housing infrastructure in these industrial areas.

Banking Network

The views of the respondents regarding impact of industrialisation on banking network have been presented in Table 9. An overwhelming number of respondents feel that industrialisation has positive impact in the development of banking network in these areas. The mean score of overall responses is 3.9100 with negative coefficient of skewness. It indicates maximum concentration of the opinion of respondents towards higher side of the mean score. The [X.sup.2] value also indicates the significant difference in the distribution of opinion of these respondents.

Thus, it is clear from the statistical analysis that an overwhelming number of respondents agree with this statement. Industrial area-wise break-up of the responses also shows that the mean scores of the responses of Parwanoo, Baddi, Kala-Amb and Poanta Sahib are quite high and are above the average mean score. It indicates that most of the respondents support the above statement. The negative values of skewness also indicate that maximum responses are concentrated towards higher side on the five point scale. It further supports the above analysis. The highly significant [X.sup.2] value further support this finding. However, the banking network is more developed in Solan district as compared to Sirmour district due to differences in industrial development. Thus, it is clear that industrialization has given impetus of the development of banking network.

Postage, Telegraph and Tele-Communication Network

Postage, telegraph and tele-communication network also increase with the development of industrial activities in any region. The opinion of the respondents regarding impact of industrialisation on communication network has been exhibited in Table 10. The mean score (3.1967) of overall responses is slightly high with negative value of the coefficient of skewness (-.550). This reflects that the opinion of the respondents is distributed more towards agree or strongly agree responses for this statement. Highly significant value of [X.sup.2] also supports that industrialisation has resulted some improvement in the communication facilities with almost similar trend in the opinion of the respondents in each industrial area under study. The mean scores of the responses at Parwanoo, Baddi and Poanta-Sahib have turned to be greater than the average mean score. However, the mean score is very close to average mean score in case of Kala-Amb. It shows that majority of the respondents in each industrial area agree with the statement that postage and tele-communication facilities have been increased in these areas. The [X.sup.2] values for each of these industrial area are also significant. Therefore, it also supports the above conclusion statistically.

Insurance Sector

The opinions of respondents regarding impact of industrialisation on insurance sector network have been presented in Table 11. The mean score (3.7700) of overall responses is greater than the average mean score (3). Thus, a large number of respondents either agree or strongly agree with the statement that industrialisation has made positive contribution in the development of insurance sector as well. This is also supported by negative value of the coefficient of skewness (-.169) and highly significant value of chi-square.

The respondents at Parwanoo, Baddi, Kala-Amb and Poanta-Sahib are also having the similar opinion about this statement. The mean scores vary between 3.0658 to 4.2973 with negative values of skewness. This means that majority of the respondents of these areas feel that insurance sector network has improved with the development of industries though the degree of agreement varies significantly at each area in these areas. The values of [X.sup.2] test of goodness of fit also indicates significant difference in the distribution of opinion of respondents in these industrial areas.

Electricity and Water Supply Services

The opinion of respondents about the contribution of industrialisation in the betterment of electricity and water supply services has been exhibited in Table 12. Majority of the respondents support the statement that industrialisation resulted in the improvement of electricity and water supply services. As the mean score of overall responses is 3.1665 which is slightly grater than the average mean score of three. The negative value of the coefficient of skewness (-.866) with highly significant value of [X.sup.2] also support the finding. The industrial area-wise break-up of the opinion also shows that the respondents at Parwanoo, Baddi, Kala-Amb and Poanta-Sahib also agree with the statement that electricity and water supply services improved with the pace of industrialisation as the mean scores of opinion of respondents are high.

Further, the negative values of the coefficient of skewness also strengthen it. The [X.sup.2] test of goodness of fit in each of these areas are also highly significant. Therefore, statistically it also supports the finding that there is some improvement in electricity and water-supply services.

District-wise aggregate also indicates the similar trend as mean scores are high with the negative values of skewness. The [X.sup.2] values also show significant difference in the distribution of opinion. Thus, with the advent of industrialization in these areas of the state the electricity and water supply services have been improved.

Hotels and Restaurants

Generally the industrial growth also spurts up the development of hotels and restaurants. The perception of the respondents pertaining to the impact of industrialisation on the development of hotels and restaurants is presented in Table 13. The respondents by and large agree with the statement that industrialisation has given momentum for the development of hotels and restaurants. The overall mean score is more than three with negative value of skewness and [X.sup.2] values being highly significant. Electricity and Water Supply Services The opinion of respondents about the contribution of industrialisation in the betterment of electricity and water supply services has been exhibited in Table 12. Majority of the respondents support the statement that industrialisation resulted in the improvement of electricity and water supply services. As the mean score of overall responses is 3.1665 which is slightly grater than the average mean score of three. The negative value of the coefficient of skewness (-.866) with highly significant value of [X.sup.2] also support the finding. The industrial area-wise break-up of the opinion also shows that the respondents at Parwanoo, Baddi, Kala-Amb and Poanta-Sahib also agree with the statement that electricity and water supply services improved with the pace of industrialisation as the mean scores of opinion of respondents are high.

Parks and Picnic Spots

The views of the respondents regarding development of parks and picnic spots at These places have been presented in Table 14. A large majority of the respondents that there is significant improvement in the development of parks and picnic spots at these places. The overall mean score of responses being 3.5800 with the value of the coefficient of skewness being -.097 indicate that majority of responses are highly concentrated towards higher side of the mean score.

Thus, a large majority of respondents agree with the statement that parks and picnic spots have come up in the nearby area with the development of industrial activities. The [X.sup.2] value being highly significant also supports the finding. Industrial area-wise break-up of the responses also shows similar trend for this statement. As the mean scores of the responses of the respondents at Parwanoo, Baddi, Kala Amb and Poanta Sahib range between 3.0526 to 4.000 with negative skewness. The [X.sup.2] values in each of these places also indicate significant difference in the distribution of opinion of respondents on five point scale. Thus, the majority of respondents do agree with this statement. A large number of respondents in both the districts i.e. Solan and Sirmour agree with this statement that parks and picnic spots have been developed with the industrialisation. The mean scores of the respondents in these districts are also high and negatively skewed. The [X.sup.2] test of goodness of fit also shows significant difference in the distribution of opinion of respondents.

Shopping Facilities

The opinion of the respondents regarding impact of industrialisation in the improvement of shopping facilities has been exhibited in Table 15. The industrialisation has resulted in substantial increase in the shopping facilities. The higher mean value (3.4533) also supports the above opinion. Further, the negative value of the coefficient of skewness also reveals the same results as the opinion of the respondents is greatly spread towards the higher side on 5 point scale. The highly significant chi-square value of test of goodness of fit also predicts that opinion of the respondents is not equally distributed.

Thus, the industrialization does have an positive impact on the development of the shopping facilities and it has been responsible in improving the shopping facilities in these local areas. Industrial area-wise break-up of the opinion also shows similar trends in each industrial area with the average score of opinion being greater than 3. The [X.sup.2] values being significant for each industrial area also support that the opinion of the respondents are not equally distributed on five point scale. It is more concentrated towards higher side of the scale. Thus, industrialisation has made significant contribution in the development of shopping facilities at Parwanoo, Baddi, Kala-Amb and Poanta-Sahib. District-wise breakup of the opinion also indicates similar trend towards this statement. However, the rate of increase in shopping facilities in Solan district is high in comparison to Sirmour district.

Government Initiative for Infrastructure Development

The perception of the respondents regarding government initiative for infrastructural development has been presented in Table 16. Majority of the respondents (67.66%) either agree or strongly agree with the statement that government has taken special initiative for infrastructure development in the industrial areas of the state. The mean score of the aggregate responses is 3.6967 with negative value of the coefficient of skewness which also support this statement. Industrial area-wise and district wise break-up of the mean scores and the values of the coefficient of skewness also exhibit almost the similar trends. District-wise [X.sup.2] values and [X.sup.2] values of each industrial area are highly significant. Hence, null hypotheses of equal distribution are rejected and alternative hypotheses are accepted that the opinion of the respondents is not equally distributed on 5-point scale. Thus, these also support the finding that government has taken special initiative for the development of infrastructure facilities in the industrial areas of Himachal Pradesh.

Conclusion

To sum up, the impact of industrialization in the development of different infrastructure facilities in Himachal Pradesh has been positive. The process of industrialization has made significant improvement in the social and economic infrastructural facilities in nearby villages of industrial areas. It has resulted in the increase in number of education imparting facilities, medical facilities, roads network, housing infrastructure, shopping facilities, banking network, insurance facilities, hotel and restaurant, parks and picnic spots and shopping facilities. However, these areas are still lagging behind in respect to higher educational facilities. Hence there is a strong need to improve the higher education facilities.

References

Bagnar, Jozsef, "Economic Policy and Planning in Developing Countries," Akadominai Kiado, Buda Pest, pp. 295-296.

Dadibhavi, V., (1991), "Growth of Industry and Industrial Infrastructure : An Inter-State Analysis", Yojana, Jan. 115, pp. 9-12, 26.

Dhar, P.N. and Lydall, (1961), H.P., "The Role of Small Scale Enterprises in Indian Economic Development", New Delhi.

Gayithri, K., (1997), "Role of Infrastructure in the Industrial Development of Karnatka:A District Level Analysis", Arthavijnana, Vol. 39 (2).

Kerr, J.T.D. Clark, (1962), Harbinson and Meyers, C.A.: Industrialisation Industrial Man, Heinemann Book Ltd., London, pp. 37.

Kuznets, Simon, (1948), "The Study of Industrialisation U.N. Department of Social Affairs", (Mimeographed).

Lal, Mohan, (1987), "Rural Industrialisation and Regional Development", New Delhi, Deep & Deep Publications.

Maizels, A., (1963), "Industrial Growth and World Trade", Cambridge University of Press, London, pp. 31.

Mitra, A., (1999), "Total Factor Productivity Growth and Technical Efficiency in Indian Industries: A Study Based on Panel Data for Fifteen Major States", Working Paper, No E/203/99, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi.

Prasad, P., (1957), "Some Economic Problems of Public Enterprises in India", H.E. Stenfert Kroerse, Leiden, pp. 13.

Reddy, Ch. Panduranga, (1990), "Construction Industry and Economic Development--An Empirical Study", Indian Journal of Economic, pp. 161.

Sharma, C.P, (1988), "Industrialisation and Regional Development", Deep and Deep Publications, D-1/24, Rajouri Garden, New Delhi.

Vijay Kumar Sharma *, Roshan Lal Vashist ** and Nishu Sharma *

* Department of Commerce, H. P. University, Shimla, India

** DAV College Kotkhai, Shimla, India

* E-mail: [email protected]

Table 1: Modernization in Infrastructure

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Dis-
 Agree erent agree

a) Parwanoo 24 20 4 19
b) Baddi 30 28 2 8
Solan (A) = a+b 54 48 6 27
c) Kala Amb 15 29 2 25
d) Poanta 25 27 2 12
Sirmour (B) = c+d 40 56 4 37
Grand Total A+B 94 104 10 64

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 9 76 3.4079 1.4531
b) Baddi 6 74 3.9189 1.2688
Solan (A) = a+b 15 150 3.6600 1.3846
c) Kala Amb 4 75 3.3467 1.2787
d) Poanta 9 75 3.6227 1.4027
Sirmour (B) = c+d 13 150 3.4867 1.3448
Grand Total A+B 28 300 3.5733 1.3653

Place Skew- Chi- P-
 ness Square Value

a) Parwanoo -1.095 18.342 .001
b) Baddi -0.852 46.811 .000
Solan (A) = a+b -0.967 57.000 .000
c) Kala Amb -0.510 39.067 .000
d) Poanta -0.266 30.533 .000
Sirmour (B) = c+d -0.381 59.667 .000
Grand Total A+B -0.312 110.533 .000

Source: Primary Probe

Table 2: Government / Private Primary School

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Dis-
 Agree erent agree

a) Parwanoo 11 29 4 23
b) Baddi 6 34 1 24
Solan (A) = a+b 17 63 5 47
c) Kala Amb 9 25 2 37
d) Poanta 13 36 1 15
Sirmour (B) = c+d 22 61 3 52
Grand Total A+B 39 124 8 99

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 9 76 3.1316 1.3200
b) Baddi 9 74 3.0541 1.2702
Solan (A) = a+b 18 150 3.0933 1.2919
c) Kala Amb 2 75 3.0267 1.1965
d) Poanta 10 75 3.3600 1.3420
Sirmour (B) = c+d 12 150 3.1933 1.2781
Grand Total A+B 30 300 3.1433 1.2839

Place Skew- Chi- P-
 ness Square Value

a) Parwanoo -0.657 28.474 .000
b) Baddi -0.744 51.000 .000
Solan (A) = a+b -0.701 77.200 .000
c) Kala Amb 0.858 63.867 .000
d) Poanta -0.476 44.400 .000
Sirmour (B) = c+d -0.631 85.400 .000
Grand Total A+B -0.667 161.033 .000

Source: Primary Probe

Table 3: High / Senior Secondary School

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Dis-
 Agree erent agree

a) Parwanoo 7 30 3 29
b) Baddi 5 35 1 20
Solan (A) = a+b 12 65 4 49
c) Kala Amb 14 23 3 20
d) Poanta 20 27 2 20
Sirmour (B) = c+d 34 50 5 40
Grand Total A+B 46 115 9 89

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 7 76 3.0132 1.2382
b) Baddi 13 74 2.9865 1.3189
Solan (A) = a+b 20 150 3.0000 1.2744
c) Kala Amb 15 75 3.6133 1.4658
d) Poanta 6 75 3.4667 1.3490
Sirmour (B) = c+d 21 150 3.2400 1.4223
Grand Total A+B 41 300 3.1200 1.3534

Place Skew- Chi- P-
 ness Square Value

a) Parwanoo -0.796 45.579 .000
b) Baddi -0.768 48.973 .000
Solan (A) = a+b -0.784 89.533 .000
c) Kala Amb -0.264 15.600 -.004
d) Poanta -0.395 29.600 .000
Sirmour (B) = c+d -0.534 40.733 .000
Grand Total A+B -0.650 117.067 .000

Source: Primary Probe

Table 4: Government / Private Colleges

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Dis-
 Agree erent agree

a) Parwanoo -- 9 3 31
b) Baddi 2 3 2 31
Solan (A) = a+b 2 12 5 62
c) Kala Amb 7 21 2 18
d) Poanta 31 34 1 8
Sirmour (B) = c+d 38 55 3 26
Grand Total A+B 40 67 8 88

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 33 76 1.8421 0.9668
b) Baddi 36 74 1.7027 0.9176
Solan (A) = a+b 69 150 1.7733 0.9423
c) Kala Amb 27 75 2.5067 1.4554
d) Poanta 1 75 4.1467 0.9822
Sirmour (B) = c+d 28 150 3.3267 1.4859
Grand Total A+B 97 300 2.5500 1.4656

Place Skew- Chi- P-
 ness Square Value

a) Parwanoo 0.871 36.632 0
b) Baddi 0.765 79.649 0
Solan (A) = a+b 0.820 142.600 0
c) Kala Amb 1.035 28.133 0
d) Poanta -0.149 70.533 0
Sirmour (B) = c+d -0.453 47.933 0
Grand Total A+B 0.375 88.433 0

Source: Primary Probe

Table 5: Professional / Technical Institutions

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Disagree
 Agree erent

a) Parwanoo 13 27 5 26
b) Baddi 12 36 2 21
Solan (A) = a+b 25 63 7 47
c) Kala Amb 18 31 1 20
d) Poanta 29 27 2 10
Sirmour (B) = c+d 47 58 3 30
Grand Total A+B 72 121 10 77

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 5 76 3.2237 1.2712
b) Baddi 3 74 3.4459 1.1837
Solan (A) = a+b 8 150 3.3333 1.2298

c) Kala Amb 5 75 3.4933 1.2984
d) Poanta 7 75 3.8133 1.3325
Sirmour (B) = c+d 12 150 3.6533 1.3209
Grand Total A+B 20 300 3.4933 1.2840

Place Skewness Chi- P-
 Square Value

a) Parwanoo -0.610 30.842 .000
b) Baddi -0.468 53.973 .000
Solan (A) = a+b -0.542 80.533 .000
c) Kala Amb -0.390 39.067 .000
d) Poanta -0.890 39.867 .000
Sirmour (B) = c+d -0.262 70.867 .000
Grand Total A+B -0.394 137.567 .000

Source: Primary Probe

Table 6: P.H.C. /C.H.C. & Medical Shops

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Dis-
 Agree erent agree

a) Parwanoo 10 34 2 25
b) Baddi 9 29 1 33
Solan (A) = a+b 19 63 3 58
c) Kala Amb 16 26 3 27
d) Poanta 20 30 2 17
Sirmour (B) = c+d 36 56 5 44
Grand Total A+B 55 119 8 102

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 5 76 3.2500 1.2342
b) Baddi 2 74 3.1351 1.1973
Solan (A) = a+b 7 150 3.1933 1.2134
c) Kala Amb 3 75 3.3333 1.2770
d) Poanta 6 75 3.5467 1.3182
Sirmour (B) = c+d 9 150 3.4400 1.2978
Grand Total A+B 16 300 3.3167 1.2603

Place Skew- Chi- P-
 ness Square Value

a) Parwanoo -0.607 49.658 .000
b) Baddi 0.948 62.216 .000
Solan (A) = a+b -0.664 108.400 .000
c) Kala Amb 1.044 36.933 .000
d) Poanta -0.343 33.600 .000
Sirmour (B) = c+d -2.082 15.800 .000
Grand Total A+B -0.542 -0.542 .000

Source: Primary Probe

Table 7: Road Network

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Dis-
 Agree erent agree

a) Parwanoo 36 34 4 1
b) Baddi 34 33 2 2
Solan (A) = a+b 70 67 6 3
c) Kala Amb 28 30 3 9
d) Poanta 30 28 2 11
Sirmour (B) = c+d 58 58 5 20
Grand Total A+B 128 125 11 23

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 1 76 4.3553 .7608
b) Baddi 3 74 4.2568 .9517
Solan (A) = a+b 4 150 4.3067 .8588
c) Kala Amb 5 75 3.8933 1.2256
d) Poanta 4 75 3.9200 1.2276
Sirmour (B) = c+d 9 150 3.9067 1.2225
Grand Total A+B 13 300 4.1067 1.0735

Place Skew- Chi- P-
 ness Square Value

a) Parwanoo -0.847 86.500 .000
b) Baddi -0.780 78.838 .000
Solan (A) = a+b -0.807 165.000 .000
c) Kala Amb -0.087 44.933 .000
d) Poanta -0.879 46.667 .000
Sirmour (B) = c+d -0.076 91.133 .000
Grand Total A+B -0.832 247.133 .000

Source: Primary Probe

Table 8: Housing Infrastructure

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Dis-
 Agree erent agree

a) Parwanoo 27 27 4 10
b) Baddi 30 29 1 7
Solan (A) = a+b 57 56 5 17
c) Kala Amb 16 23 4 29
d) Poanta 28 32 2 11
Sirmour (B) = c+d 44 55 6 40
Grand Total A+B 101 111 11 57

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 8 76 3.7237 1.3525
b) Baddi 7 74 3.9189 1.2902
Solan (A) = a+b V 150 3.8200 1.3213
c) Kala Amb 3 75 3.2667 1.2875
d) Poanta 2 75 3.9733 0.9496
Sirmour (B) = c+d 5 150 3.6200 1.2514
Grand Total A+B 20 300 3.7200 1.2886

Place Skew- Chi- P-
 ness Square Value

a) Parwanoo -0.204 31.763 .000
b) Baddi -0.059 50.324 .000
Solan (A) = a+b -0.893 80.800 .000
c) Kala Amb 0.983 35.067 .000
d) Poanta -0.027 54.133 .000
Sirmour (B) = c+d -0.303 70.733 .000
Grand Total A+B -0.217 138.200 .000

Source: Primary Probe

Table 9: Banking Network

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Dis-
 Agree erent agree

a) Parwanoo 38 27 3 v
b) Baddi 36 31 1 3
Solan (A) = a+b 74 58 4 7
c) Kala Amb 9 33 2 26
d) Poanta 24 37 2 12
Sirmour (B) = c+d 33 70 4 38
Grand Total A+B 107 128 8 45

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 4 76 4.1974 1.0975
b) Baddi 3 74 4.2703 0.9324
Solan (A) = a+b 7 150 4.2333 1.0390
c) Kala Amb 5 75 3.2000 1.2302
d) Poanta -- 75 3.9733 0.9996
Sirmour (B) = c+d 5 150 3.5867 1.1826
Grand Total A+B 12 300 3.9100 1.1575

Place Skew- Chi- P-
 ness Square Value

a) Parwanoo -0.731 69.658 .000
b) Baddi -0.782 79.784 .000
Solan (A) = a+b -0.737 148.467 .000
c) Kala Amb -0.650 50.000 .000
d) Poanta -0.026 36.627 .000
Sirmour (B) = c+d -0.349 99.133 .000
Grand Total A+B -0.077 201.100 .000

Source: Primary Probe

Table 10: Postage, Telegraph & Tele-Communication

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Dis-
 Agree erent agree

a) Parwanoo 19 17 5 22
b) Baddi 28 18 -- 19
Solan (A) = a+b 47 35 5 41
c) Kala Amb 16 18 4 23
d) Poanta 10 35 2 17

Sirmour (B) = c+d 26 53 6 40
Grand Total A+B 73 88 11 81

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 13 76 3.0921 1.4893
b) Baddi 9 74 3.5000 1.5102
Solan (A) = a+b 22 150 3.2933 1.5086
c) Kala Amb 14 75 2.9867 1.4750
d) Poanta 11 75 3.2133 1.3385
Sirmour (B) = c+d 25 150 3.1000 1.4083
Grand Total A+B 47 300 3.1967 1.4601

Place Skew- Chi- P-
 ness Square Value

a) Parwanoo 0.733 11.368 023
b) Baddi -0.993 9.784 020
Solan (A) = a+b -1.131 37.467 .000
c) Kala Amb 0.668 13.667 .011
d) Poanta -0.587 40.933 .000
Sirmour (B) = c+d -0.550 41.533 .000
Grand Total A+B -0.550 66.067 .000

Source: Primary Probe

Table 11: Insurance Services

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Dis-
 Agree erent agree

a) Parwanoo 21 16 4 17
b) Baddi 36 32 -- 4
Solan (A) = a+b 57 48 4 21
c) Kala Amb 19 37 1 9
d) Poanta 34 29 3 3
Sirmour (B) = c+d 53 66 4 12
Grand Total A+B 110 114 8 33

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 18 75 3.0658 1.5861
b) Baddi 2 74 4.2973 0.9324
Solan (A) = a+b 20 150 3.6733 1.4401
c) Kala Amb 9 75 3.6400 1.3115
d) Poanta 6 75 4.0933 1.1760
Sirmour (B) = c+d 15 150 3.8667 1.2621
Grand Total A+B 35 300 3.7700 1.3552

Place Skew- Chi- P-
 ness Square Value

a) Parwanoo -1.219 11.237 .024
b) Baddi -0.753 52.486 .000
Solan (A) = a+b -0.921 63.667 .000
c) Kala Amb -0.274 51.200 .000
d) Poanta -0.771 61.733 .000
Sirmour (B) = c+d -0.105 101.667 .000
Grand Total A+B -0.169 157.900 .000

Source: Primary Probe

Table 12: Electricity and Water Supply

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Dis-
 Agree erent agree

a) Parwanoo 7 38 4 22
b) Baddi 4 44 2 19
Solan (A) = a+b 11 82 6 41
c) Kala Amb 5 35 4 22
d) Poanta 4 40 2 25
Sirmour (B) = c+d 9 75 6 47
Grand Total A+B 20 141 12 104

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 5 76 3.2632 1.1704
b) Baddi 5 74 3.3108 1.1413
Solan (A) = a+b 10 150 3.2870 1.1785
c) Kala Amb 9 75 3.0666 1.2339
d) Poanta 4 75 3.2000 1.1410
Sirmour (B) = c+d 13 150 3.133 1.1845
Grand Total A+B 33 300 3.1665 1.1806

Place Skew- Chi- P-
 ness Square Value

a) Parwanoo -0.629 56.763 .000
b) Baddi -0.689 70.730 .000
Solan (A) = a+b -0.831 110.733 .000
c) Kala Amb -0.933 41.733 .000
d) Poanta -0.800 69.867 .000
Sirmour (B) = c+d -0.867 107.867 .000
Grand Total A+B -0.865 218.167 .000

Source: Primary Probe

Table 13: Hotels & Restaurants

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Dis-
 Agree erent agree

a) Parwanoo 21 23 5 11
b) Baddi 9 36 3 26
Solan (A) = a+b 30 59 8 37
c) Kala Amb 4 28 2 34
d) Poanta 24 25 3 8
Sirmour (B) = c+d 28 53 5 42
Grand Total A+B 58 112 13 78

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 16 76 3.2895 1.5303
b) Baddi -- 74 3.3784 1.0942
Solan (A) = a+b 16 150 3.3333 1.3294
c) Kala Amb 7 75 2.8400 1.1860
d) Poanta 15 75 3.7467 2.7168
Sirmour (B) = c+d 22 150 3.2937 2.1380
Grand Total A+B 38 300 3.3133 1.7774

Place Skew- Chi- P-
 ness Square Value

a) Parwanoo -0.464 14.263 .007
b) Baddi -0.568 37.459 .000
Solan (A) = a+b -0.501 52.333 .000
c) Kala Amb 0.708 58.933 .000
d) Poanta -0.093 43.800 .000
Sirmour (B) = c+d -0.330 81.360 .000
Grand Total A+B -0.386 172.120 .000

Source: Primary Probe

Table 14: Parks and Picnic Spots

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Dis-
 Agree erent agree

a) Parwanoo 20 17 3 19
b) Baddi 31 29 2 7
Solan (A) = a+b 51 46 5 26
c) Kala Amb 25 25 3 9
d) Poanta 29 26 2 8
Sirmour (B) = c+d 54 51 5 17
Grand Total A+B 105 97 10 43

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 17 76 3.0526 1.5654
b) Baddi 5 74 4.0000 1.2050
Solan (A) = a+b 22 150 3.5200 1.4733
c) Kala Amb 13 75 3.5333 1.4917
d) Poanta 10 75 3.7467 1.4151
Sirmour (B) = c+d 23 150 3.6400 1.4530
Grand Total A+B 45 300 3.5800 14.6200

Place Skew- Chi- P-
 ness Square Value

a) Parwanoo -1.244 12.684 .013
b) Baddi -0.829 53.027 .000
Solan (A) = a+b -1.004 46.733 .000
c) Kala Amb -0.983 25.600 .000
d) Poanta -0.885 37.333 .000
Sirmour (B) = c+d -0.935 62.000 .000
Grand Total A+B -0.097 106.800 .000

Source: Primary Probe

Table 15: Shopping Facilities

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Dis-
 Agree erent agree

a) Parwanoo 17 31 3 15
b) Baddi 24 33 1 9
Solan (A) = a+b 41 64 4 24
c) Kala Amb 8 29 4 28
d) Poanta 24 27 3 10
Sirmour (B) = c+d 32 56 7 38
Grand Total A+B 73 120 11 62

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 10 76 3.3945 1.5663
b) Baddi 7 74 3.783 1.0942
Solan (A) = a+b 17 150 3.5886 1.4535
c) Kala Amb 6 75 3.0667 1.2339
d) Poanta 11 75 3.5733 1.4348
Sirmour (B) = c+d 17 150 3.3200 1.3577
Grand Total A+B 34 300 3.4033 1.4056

Place Skew- Chi- P-
 ness Square Value

a) Parwanoo -0.605 13.737 .008
b) Baddi -0.216 40.595 .000
Solan (A) = a+b -0.559 42.600 .000
c) Kala Amb -0.756 41.067 .000
d) Poanta -0.297 27.333 .000
Sirmour (B) = c+d -0.500 48.067 .000
Grand Total A+B -0.531 88.500 .000

Source: Primary Probe

Table 16: Government Initiative in Infrastructure Development

Place Strongly Agree Indiff- Dis-
 Agree erent agree

a) Parwanoo 22 27 3 16
b) Baddi 28 28 2 8
Solan (A) = a+b 50 55 5 24
c) Kala Amb 18 25 3 21
d) Poanta 24 31 2 13
Sirmour (B) = c+d 42 56 5 34
Grand Total A+B 92 111 10 58

Place Strongly Total Mean S.D.
 Dis-agree

a) Parwanoo 8 76 3.5132 1.3808
b) Baddi 8 74 3.8168 1.3414
Solan (A) = a+b 16 150 3.6600 1.3651
c) Kala Amb 8 75 3.7200 3.6965
d) Poanta 5 75 3.7467 1.2678
Sirmour (B) = c+d 13 150 3.7333 2.7531
Grand Total A+B 29 300 3.6967 2.1696

Place Skew- Chi- P-
 ness Square Value

a) Parwanoo -0.352 25.447 .000
b) Baddi -0.141 40.865 .000
Solan (A) = a+b -0.249 62.733 .000
c) Kala Amb -0.075 41.720 .000
d) Poanta -0.199 40.667 .000
Sirmour (B) = c+d -0.096 99.680 .000
Grand Total A+B -0.139 201.440 .000

Source: Primary Probe