Preview of the 2013 comprehensive revision of the industry economic accounts.

Strassner, Erich H. ; Wasshausen, David B.

IN DECEMBER 2013, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) will release the results of the 2013 comprehensive revision of the industry economic accounts (IEAs). The last comprehensive revision of the IEAs was released in May 2010.

Comprehensive revisions, which are typically conducted at 5-year intervals, tend to have a more expansive scope than annual revisions. Comprehensive revisions provide an opportunity to update the accounts to better reflect the evolving nature of the U.S. economy. Typically, these revisions incorporate two major types of improvements: (1) changes in definitions and classifications and (2) statistical changes. Changes in definitions and classifications update the accounts to more accurately portray the dynamic U.S. economy and to better facilitate international comparisons with economic data available from other countries. With this comprehensive revision, the accounts will be updated to reflect the updated international guidelines for national economic accounts The System of National Accounts 2008 (SNA). (1) Statistical changes update the accounts through the use of new and improved estimation methods and newly available and revised source data.

A key feature of this comprehensive revision of the IEAs is the integration of the 2007 benchmark input-output (I-O) accounts with the annual industry accounts and the national income and product accounts (NIPAs). Integration of the benchmark I-O accounts with the annual industry accounts will achieve the full integration of the IEAs with the NIPAs, which was first suggested in a March 2004 article in the Survey of Current Business and more fully described by Lawson, Moyer, Okubo, and Planting in A New Architecture for U.S. National Accounts. (2) The enhanced integration will allow for a higher degree of consistency among the NIPAs, the benchmark I-O accounts, and the annual industry accounts. (3) In addition, future flexible annual revisions and comprehensive revisions will result in revisions to the 2007 benchmark I-O accounts, as the IEAs will be maintained as a consistent time series fully integrated with the NIPAs.

The following sections of this article include a discussion of the benefits of integrating the benchmark I-O accounts with the annual industry accounts, a summary of the major changes in definitions, changes in industry classification, and a reference to the improved estimation methods, with a particular focus on changes in statistical methods and source data. Appendix A includes a proposed list of industries and commodities to be published in the 2007 benchmark I-O accounts and in the corresponding underlying detail for annual gross output.

Benefits of Integration

Beginning with the 2007 benchmark I-O accounts, the benchmark I-O accounts will be fully integrated with the time series of the annual industry accounts and of the NIPAs. As a result, the 2007 benchmark I-O accounts will be released along with a revised time series of annual industry statistics after the release of the results of the 2013 comprehensive NIPA revision. Going forward, benchmark I-O accounts will be revised to reflect revisions stemming from the NIPAs, and they will be published with the revisions to the time series of the IEAs.

Benchmark I-O accounts, which are released approximately every 5 years, provide the most comprehensive information available on the production of goods and services (commodities) by industries and the flow of these goods and services (1) to industries for use in their production processes and (2) to final users in the economy. These accounts, which are primarily based on data from the economic censuses, are used to establish the level of gross domestic product (GDP) for benchmark years and to provide critical information for estimating GDP for periods after benchmark years.

Traditionally, benchmark I-O accounts have been released before the comprehensive revision of the NIPAs and have not been revised to reflect the results of comprehensive revisions. As a consequence, benchmark I-O accounts have not been fully consistent with the NIPAs or with the annual industry accounts. This has resulted in mixed usefulness of the benchmark I-O accounts: they have provided an accurate and detailed set of inter-industry relationships to analyze structural changes, and they have been used to benchmark the NIPAs and annual industry accounts. Their relevance, however, has been somewhat diminished because they have lacked a time series dimension.

Benchmark I-O accounts will continue to be a critical source of information to benchmark the NIPAs and the time series of IEAs because benchmark I-O accounts, which are prepared using detailed establishment-level data on industries and commodities, are the single most important statistical source for the comprehensive revisions of the NIPAs. Benchmark I-O accounts provide a comprehensive measure of the amount of total gross output by commodity that is sold as final expenditures in the economy. Thus, these accounts provide the basis for a more detailed understanding of the NIPAs; the 2007 account will be used to establish the level and the commodity composition of GDP by final use category and the level of some income components for 2007 in the upcoming comprehensive revision of the NIPAs. (4)

The integration will also allow for a higher degree of consistency among the NIPAs, the benchmark I-O accounts, and the annual industry accounts. For example in using the fully integrated IEAs, data users will be able to track time series trends in a NIPA final expenditure category at a detailed commodity level in benchmark years and at a slightly higher level of commodity aggregation for nonbenchmark years. Users interested in more detailed statistics on outputs, inputs, and value added at the industry level will be able to crosswalk between a time series of benchmark statistics and a slightly higher level of industry aggregation for nonbenchmark years.

Changes in Definitions

As part of the comprehensive revision of the IEAs, several major definitional changes will be incorporated into both the IEAs and NIPAs that reflect a highly collaborative effort by both IEA and NIPA staff. 5 These changes include the following:

* The recognition of research and development (R&D) expenditures as capital,

* The capitalization of entertainment, literary, and other artistic originals,

* The expansion of the capitalization of the ownership transfer costs of residential fixed assets, and

* The use of an improved measure of transactions for defined benefit pension plans. Expenditures for intellectual property products--such as R&D and entertainment, literary, and other artistic originals--provide long-lasting services to businesses, nonprofit institutions, and government agencies that use them. These expenditures have many characteristics of other fixed assets--they have ownership rights that can be established, they are long lasting, and they can be used repeatedly in production processes. The recognition of expenditures for R&D and entertainment, literary, and other artistic originals as fixed investment is an important step towards fully recognizing the contribution of intellectual property products to economic growth and towards bringing the IEAs into fuller compliancy with the 2008 System of National Accounts. In the SNA, "An asset is a store of value representing a benefit or series of benefits accruing to the economic owner by holding or using the entity over a period of time. It is a means of carrying forward value from one accounting period to another" (SNA 2008, 42, paragraph 3.30). By recording R&D and entertainment originals as investment, the contribution of these important innovative activities to economic growth can be measured.

Capitalization of R&D expenditures

R&D expenditures fit the criterion for an asset: benefits accrued from R&D have defined economic ownership and are long lasting (more than a year). The new treatment will recognize expenditures for both purchased and own-account R&D by businesses, by nonprofit institutions serving households (NPISHs), and by general government as fixed investment, and the depreciation of these assets in consumption of fixed capital (CFC). Government R&D expenditures will be treated as investment regardless of whether the R&D is protected or made freely available to the public, because the provision of public services is part of the economic benefits generated by government R&D.

As a result of this new treatment, GDP will be boosted by the amount of business R&D investment and by the CFC associated with R&D investment by NPISHs and by general government (table 1). Gross private domestic investment will be boosted by the amount of business and NPISH R&D expenditures. Personal consumption expenditures (PCE) will be reduced by the reclassification of NPISH R&D expenditures to private investment, and it will be increased by the additional CFC associated with the R&D expenditures. Government consumption expenditures and gross investment will be boosted by the CFC associated with the R&D investment; R&D spending will be reclassified from consumption expenditures to gross investment, and the additional CFC will be recorded in consumption expenditures.

Because NPISHs and general government produce services that are not generally sold at market prices, the value of these services is measured as the costs incurred in producing them; therefore, purchases of R&D are removed from the expenses of NPISHs and general government, so their gross output will be lowered by the amount of the R&D expenditure. Gross output for NPISHs and general government increases by the amount of CFC associated with their R&D, and it decreases by the amount of purchased R&D. Value added for NPISHs and general governments increases by the amount of CFC associated with their R&D.

Gross output for businesses increases by the amount of their own-account R&D, but it is unaffected by purchases of R&D that are reclassified from an intermediate expenses to fixed investment. Value added for businesses increases by the amount of purchased and own-account R&D investment.

BEA has been producing R&D statistics since 1994 when it first published an R&D satellite account that examined the effect of R&D expenditures on the U.S. economy. (6) The methods used to develop and to periodically update these statistics have evolved significantly, and the resulting improvements have been tracked in a series of papers and Survey articles available on BEA's Web site at www.bea.gov. The R&D satellite accounts were produced with valuable support from the National Science Foundation, which continues to work with BEA in the development of R&D source data for estimating investment in the core economic accounts.

Capitalization of entertainment, literary, and other artistic originals

Capitalizing entertainment, literary, and other artistic originals is another important step towards fully recognizing the contribution of intellectual property products to GDP and value added. (7) Entertainment originals that are designed for mass reproduction for sale to the general public and have a useful lifespan of more than 1 year will be treated as capital. These originals include movies, long-lived television programs, music, books, stock photography, greeting cards, and live performances. Unlike R&D, all fixed investment in entertainment originals is produced on own-account in a few selected private sectors. Capitalizing entertainment original expenses for businesses will result in increasing gross output and value added by the amount of the new fixed investment.

Capitalization of ownership transfer costs of residential fixed assets

The final change in definition that affects the fixed asset boundary is the expansion of capitalized ownership transfer costs of residential fixed assets. Currently, only brokers' commissions on the sale of residential structures are included in residential fixed investment. under the new treatment, BEA will recognize additional nonfnancial ownership transfer costs (including both the acquisition and expected disposal costs) associated with the purchase of a residential asset as capital transactions and will record these transactions as gross investment. Expenses associated with financing a purchase of a residential asset--such as loan origination fees, credit reports, and adjustment and collection expenses--will continue to be recorded as current expenses, because these expenses represent financial services and are not necessary to purchase a dwelling. (8)

Defined benefit pension plans on an accrual basis

The last major definitional change to be introduced as part of the 2013 comprehensive IEA revision is an improved measure of transactions of defined benefit pension plans. BEA will change its recording of the transactions of defined benefit pension plans from a cash-accounting basis to an accrual-accounting basis. Accrual accounting is the preferred method for compiling national accounts because it matches incomes earned from production with the corresponding productive activity, and it records both in the same period. The recording of these transactions on an accrual basis will better align pension-related compensation with the timing of when employees earned the benefit entitlements and will avoid the volatility that arises if sporadic cash payments made by employers into defined benefit pension plans are used to measure compensation. (9) With this improvement, both compensation and gross operating surplus will be affected. In compensation, supplements to wages and salaries will reflect the addition of the imputed employer contributions based on normal costs. In gross operating surplus, corporate profits will change, reflecting the difference between cash-based compensation and accrual-based compensation and the interest costs of any underfunded or overfunded actuarial liabilities.

Interest paid by private establishments will also change, reflecting the imputed interest payments by employers for underfunded or overfunded actuarial liabilities. In addition, interest and dividend payments will increase to reflect the imputed interest and dividend payments by pension plans to persons, passing through the interest and dividend receipts. Income receipts on assets will increase, reflecting the monetary interest and dividends received by pension plans, as well as the imputed interest received by pension plans from employers for underfunded or overfunded actuarial liabilities.

Proposed Classification Changes

IEA statistics released as part of the 2013 comprehensive revision will be classified and presented on the basis of the 2007 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS); currently, the statistics are classified and presented on a 2002 NAICS basis. Overall, changes stemming from using the 2007 NAICS are small.

The information sector has a number of changes; however, none of them involves reclassifications to another sector (table 2). The subsector "internet publishing and broadcasting" has been reclassified to the subsector "other information services." The subsector "internet service providers, web search portals, and data processing" has been renamed "data processing, hosting, and related services." The industry "internet service providers" have been reclassified to the "telecommunications" subsector, and the "web search portals" industry has been reclassified to the subsector "other information services."

In two instances, incorporating 2007 NAICS results in changes in classification between sectors. First, real estate investment trusts (REITS) were split between equity REITS and mortgage REITS; previously, all REITS were classified in the finance and insurance sector (52). Under the 2007 NAICS, mortgage REITS remain under the finance and insurance sector, however, equity REITS are reclassified to the real estate subsector (531). Second, "executive search services" were reclassified from the "professional, scientific, and technical services" sector (54) to the "administrative and support services" subsector (561).

In addition to NAICS-based changes to the proposed presentations, in a number of instances, selected industries in a sector have been aggregated, including agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting; mining; and manufacturing. Similarly, in a number of instances, industries have been disaggregated in order to show more detail within a sector, including construction; wholesale and retail trade; and healthcare and social assistance.

The criteria used to decide whether to aggregate or disaggregate industries include the reliability of underlying source data and the magnitude of the series. Accordingly, with the release of the 2013 IEA comprehensive revision, BEA plans to publish 404 industries in the 2007 benchmark I-O accounts, compared with 426 industries in the 2002 benchmark I-O accounts. The manufacturing sector will see the largest reduction; BEA plans to publish 239 industries, compared with 279 industries. Retail trade and construction will see the largest expansions. For retail trade, BEA plans to publish 12 industries; previously, BEA only published a total retail trade aggregate. For construction, BEA plan to publish 12 industries, compared with 7 industries. Appendix A presents the proposed list of industries and commodities to be published in the 2007 benchmark I-O accounts and the underlying detail for annual gross output. (10)

Statistical Improvements

Statistical improvements are changes in estimation procedures in order to incorporate new and improved estimation methods and newly available and revised source data. (11) A number of notable improvements in statistical methods will be introduced with the release of the 2013 comprehensive revision of the IEAs. Some of the major improvements that will affect the 2007 benchmark I-O accounts are described in this section. One key improvement is the integration of the 2007 benchmark I-O accounts with the annual industry accounts and the NIPAs. This integration affects the industry distribution of value added, specifically compensation of employees and "taxes on production and imports, less subsidies." The first part of this section discusses these improvements and one other improvement to the value-added components. Other significant improvements are discussed in the next part and include improved estimates of construction, of insurance, and of intermediate inputs at the commodity level and an improved table balancing process. The final part briefly discusses the source data that will be used to prepare the comprehensive revision of the IEAs. A more comprehensive discussion on improved statistical methods, including the annual industry accounts, will be presented with the revised statistics in a forthcoming Survey article.

Value-added components

Compensation. For the first time, compensation by industry in a benchmark I-O account will match compensation by industry at the level of aggregation published in the NIPAs and the annual industry accounts. This improvement in methodology will ensure full consistency of compensation by industry in the benchmark I-O accounts with annual measures of compensation by industry published in the 2013 comprehensive NIPA revision as well as the annual industry accounts. It will allow users to easily move from the more aggregated level of compensation for the annual national and industry accounts to the more detailed benchmark level of detail for the 2007 benchmark year.

BEA's annual wages and salary measures are based primarily on wage data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), adjusted to account for misreporting of wages on tax returns and for differences in definitions and coverage. (12) In the 2007 benchmark I-O accounts, industry distributions of compensation for more detailed levels than those published in the NIPAs or the annual industry accounts will be based on the industry distributions of wages for QCEW covered industries. For non-QCEW covered industries, the distribution of wages is based on Census Bureau economic census data, data for expenses from the services annual survey (SAS), and the 2007 business expenses supplement (BES).

Traditionally in the benchmark I-O accounts, total compensation for the economy was controlled to economywide compensation as published in the NIPAs, but the underlying industry distributions differed. For industries covered by Census Bureau surveys, payroll and benefits data reported on the economic census and BES were used to estimate industry compensation. For noncensus-covered industries, tabulations from the QCEW were used, and estimates of the benefits were developed using NIPA data.

Taxes on production and imports, less subsidies. Similar to compensation, "taxes on production and imports, less subsidies" by industry now will match taxes on production and imports, less subsidies by industry at the level of aggregation published in the NIPAs and the annual industry accounts. Traditionally in the benchmark accounts, taxes on production and imports, less subsidies were equal to the same total, but industry distributions differed. The underlying source data used for estimation remains unchanged.

Gross operating surplus. Gross operating surplus in the 2007 benchmark I-O accounts will reflect the improvements introduced into gross domestic income as part of the 2013 comprehensive revision of NIPAs. Gross operating surplus is initially derived in the benchmark accounts residually as the difference between gross output and the sum of intermediate inputs, compensation, and taxes on production and imports less subsidies, and the final estimate will be reconciled to, and informed by, gross operating surplus presented as part of NIPA gross domestic income. As a result, as part of the 2013 comprehensive NIPA revision, two important improvements will be introduced to the measurement of proprietors' income and will be reflected in gross operating surplus in the 2007 benchmark I-O accounts: (1) more accurately accounting for the capital gains and losses attributable to corporate partners, and (2) updated adjustments for the underreporting and nonreporting of income using updated data from the Internal Revenue Service.

Other statistical improvements

Construction. For the 2007 benchmark I-O accounts, in the construction sector, the output measure for maintenance and repair and the industry distribution for intermediate inputs and for own-account statistics will be improved.

In the 2002 benchmark I-O accounts, new construction output was derived from the Census Bureau's value Put in Place (vPIP) survey, and the output measures for maintenance and repair and for own-account construction were based on the 1997 to 2002 trend in new construction. The industry distributions for maintenance and repair, for own-account construction, and for intermediate inputs were derived from construction distributions from the 1997 benchmark I-O accounts.

For the 2007 benchmark I-O accounts, the output for maintenance and repair will be based on economic census data. The economic census data provide detailed intermediate inputs for construction by NAICS industry. Additionally, the economic census data break down contractor receipts according to the type of structure built. These two tables have been cross-referenced to create intermediate input estimates by type of structure.

Own-account construction output will be improved by replacing judgmental trend estimates with data from VPIP. The distribution of own-account activity will also be improved, using BLS Occupational Employment Statistics data on construction workers by industry to determine the amount of construction activity performed by nonconstruction establishments.

Insurance. Statistics for the insurance industry (and related commodities) will reflect significant improvements with the release of the 2007 benchmark I-O accounts. New and improved source data will be introduced into the estimation of the insurance industry (and related commodities) for a number of insurance lines, including the incorporation of Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data from the Department of Health and Human Services, premiums data for income loss insurance from General Re Corporation, and data on title insurance from the American Land Title Association. In addition to improved source data, a number of methodological improvements will be introduced, including the expansion of an adaptive expectations model to several lines of insurance, such as multiperil crop, mortgage guaranty, and mutual and fraternal life insurance. The introduction of this methodology will bring the treatment of these services in line with the rest of the property and casualty insurance industry.

Intermediate inputs by industry at the commodity level. In the 2007 benchmark I-O accounts, intermediate inputs by industry at the commodity level will be based on a conversion of intermediate inputs at the same level of detail that underlie the published annual industry accounts for 2007. These intermediate inputs will be updated through balancing the use table to make these estimates more consistent with estimates of intermediate inputs by industry for broad expense categories developed using economic census data, business expense data from the SAS and BES, and other sources. (13) Traditionally, initial intermediate inputs by industry at the commodity level were based on a conversion of the prior-benchmark input structure before being updated to be consistent with expense data tabulated on the economic census, BES, and other sources.

Balancing process. The use table is balanced with a biproportional adjustment procedure; that is, a procedure that sequentially adjusts the columns and rows of the use table to equal a set of predetermined control totals. In a series of iterations, the adjustments are made (1) until the use of commodities by industries, PCE, private investment, and government consumption and investment equals the domestic supply of commodities, (2) until the sum of value added by industry and intermediate inputs by industry equals gross output by industry, and (3) until the sum of value added across all industries equals the final expenditure measure of GDP. The predetermined controls include industry and commodity gross output, value added at the 65-industry level of NAICS detail, and the commodity composition of final expenditure categories published as part of the NIPAs.

The use of a biproportional scaling procedure to balance the 2007 use table is consistent with the methodology used to produce the time series of annual industry accounts, but this procedure differs from that used to prepare the published benchmark I-O accounts for 2002. For the 2002 benchmark accounts, a generalized least squares method was used, whereby initial estimates of intermediate inputs by industry and commodity and value added below the published level of detail were adjusted based on the relative quality or reliability of the initial estimate. (14) While this "reconciliation" method is still used to establish the level of value added in the benchmark year, biproportional scaling is used to balance the table primarily because of the limited availability of statistical indicators of quality at this level of detail.

Source data

Principal sources of data used to construct currentdollar estimates for benchmark and nonbenchmark years can be found in tables A and B. A number of source data improvements will be incorporated into the fully integrated annual industry accounts time series, including expanded use of both Census Bureau SAS data for measuring gross output and BLS producer price indexes (PPIs) to deflate both intermediate inputs and output. PPIs will replace a variety of price indicators, including PCE price indexes and implicit price deflators based on average wages per employee. Additional details, including a table presenting principal sources of data used to construct prices, will be included in a forthcoming article that will describe the results of the 2013 comprehensive revision of the industry economic accounts.

Appendix A. Proposed Industries in the 2007 Benchmark
Input-Output Accounts

 I-O industry code and title Related 2007
 NAICS codes

 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, FISHING AND HUNTING

1110 Crop production
 1111A0 Oilseed farming 11111-2
 1111B0 Grain farming 11113-6,
 11119
 111200 Vegetable and melon farming 1112
 111300 Fruit and tree nut farming 1113
 111400 Greenhouse, nursery, and 1114
 floriculture production
 111900 Other crop farming 1119

1120 Animal production
 1121A0 Beef cattle ranching and 11211, 11213
 farming, including feedlots
 and dual-purpose ranching
 and farming
 112120 Dairy cattle and milk 11212
 production
 112A00 Animal production, except 1122, 1124-5,
 cattle and poultry and eggs 1129
 112300 Poultry and egg production 1123

1130 Forestry and logging
 113000 Forestry and logging 113

1140 Fishing, hunting, and trapping
 114000 Fishing, hunting, and trapping 114

1150 Support activities for agriculture and forestry
 115000 Support activities for 115
 agriculture and forestry

 MINING

2110 Oil and gas extraction
 211000 Oil and gas extraction 211

2121 Coal mining
 212100 Coal mining 2121

2122 Metal ores mining
 2122A0 Iron, gold, silver, and other 21221, 21222,
 metal ore mining 21229
 212230 Copper, nickel, lead, and 21223
 zinc mining

2123 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying
 212310 Stone mining and quarrying 21231
 2123A0 Other nonmetallic mineral 21232, 21239
 mining and quarrying

2130 Support activities for mining
 213111 Drilling oil and gas wells 213111
 21311A Other support activities for 213112-5
 mining

 UTILITIES

2211 Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution
 221112 Fossil fuel electric power 221112
 generation
 221113 Nuclear electric power 221113
 generation
 22111A Other electric power 221111,
 generation, including 221119
 hydroelectric
 221120 Electric power transmission, 22112
 control, and distribution

2212 Natural gas distribution
 221200 Natural gas distribution 2212

2213 Water, sewage and other systems
 221300 Water, sewage and other systems 2213

 CONSTRUCTION

2301 New nonresidential construction
 2332A0 Commercial structures, 23 *
 including farm structures
 233210 Health care structures 23 *
 233230 Manufacturing structures 23 *
 233240 Power and communication 23 *
 structures
 233262 New educational and 23 *
 vocational structures
 233293 Highways and streets 23 *
 2332B0 Other nonresidential 23 *
 structures

2302 New residential construction
 233411 New single-family 23 *
 residential structures
 233412 New multifamily residential 23 *
 structures
 2334A0 Other residential structures 23 *

2303 Maintenance and repair construction
 230301 Nonresidential maintenance 23 *
 and repair
 230302 Residential maintenance and 23 *
 repair

 MANUFACTURING

3110 Food manufacturing
 311111 Dog and cat food manufacturing 311111
 311119 Other animal food 311119
 manufacturing
 311210 Flour milling and malt 31121
 manufacturing
 311221 Wet corn milling 311221
 31122A Soybean and other oilseed 311222-3
 processing
 311225 Fats and oils refining and 311225
 blending
 311230 Breakfast cereal manufacturing 31123
 311300 Sugar and confectionery 3113
 product manufacturing
 311410 Frozen food manufacturing 31141
 311420 Fruit and vegetable canning, 31142
 pickling, and drying
 31151A Fluid milk and butter 311511-2
 manufacturing
 311513 Cheese manufacturing 311513
 311514 Dry, condensed, and evaporated 311514
 dairy product manufacturing
 311520 Ice cream and frozen dessert 31152
 manufacturing
 31161A Animal (except poultry) 311611-3
 slaughtering, rendering,
 and processing
 311615 Poultry processing 311615
 311700 Seafood product preparation 3117
 and packaging
 311810 Bread and bakery product 31181
 manufacturing
 3118A0 Cookie, cracker, pasta, and 31182-3
 tortilla manufacturing
 311910 Snack food manufacturing 31191
 311920 Coffee and tea manufacturing 31192
 311930 Flavoring syrup and 31193
 concentrate manufacturing
 311940 Seasoning and dressing 31194
 manufacturing
 311990 All other food manufacturing 31199

3121 Beverage manufacturing
 312110 Soft drink and ice 31211
 manufacturing
 312120 Breweries 31212
 312130 Wineries 31213
 312140 Distilleries 31214

3122 Tobacco manufacturing
 312200 Tobacco manufacturing 3122

3130 Textile mills
 313100 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 3131
 313200 Fabric mills 3132
 313300 Textile and fabric finishing 3133
 and fabric coating mills

3140 Textile product mills
 314110 Carpet and rug mills 31411
 314120 Curtain and linen mills 31412
 314900 Other textile product mills 3149

3150 Apparel manufacturing
 315000 Apparel manufacturing 315

3160 Leather and allied product manufacturing
 316000 Leather and allied product 316
 manufacturing

3210 Wood product manufacturing
 321100 Sawmills and wood preservation 3211
 321200 Veneer, plywood, and 3212
 engineered wood product
 manufacturing
 321910 Millwork 32191
 3219A0 All other wood product 32192-9
 manufacturing

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
 322110 Pulp mills 32211
 322120 Paper mills 32212
 322130 Paperboard mills 32213

3222 Converted paper product manufacturing
 322210 Paperboard container 32221
 manufacturing
 322220 Paper bag and coated and 32222
 treated paper manufacturing
 322230 Stationery product 32223
 manufacturing
 322291 Sanitary paper product 322291
 manufacturing
 322299 All other converted paper 322299
 product manufacturing

3230 Printing and related support activities
 323110 Printing 32311
 323120 Support activities for 32312
 printing

3240 Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
 324110 Petroleum refineries 32411
 324121 Asphalt paving mixture and 324121
 block manufacturing
 324122 Asphalt shingle and coating 324122
 materials manufacturing
 324190 Other petroleum and coal 32419
 products manufacturing

3251 Basic chemical manufacturing
 325110 Petrochemical manufacturing 32511
 325120 Industrial gas manufacturing 32512
 325130 Synthetic dye and pigment 32513
 manufacturing
 325180 Other basic inorganic chemical 32518
 manufacturing
 325190 Other basic organic chemical 32519
 manufacturing

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers manufacturing
 325211 Plastics material and resin 325211
 manufacturing
 3252A0 Synthetic rubber and
 artificial and synthetic 325212, 32522
 fibers and filaments
 manufacturing

3253 Agricultural chemical manufacturing
 325310 Fertilizer manufacturing 32531
 325320 Pesticide and other 32532
 agricultural chemical
 manufacturing

3254 Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
 325411 Medicinal and botanical 325411
 manufacturing
 325412 Pharmaceutical preparation 325412
 manufacturing
 325413 In-vitro diagnostic substance 325413
 manufacturing
 325414 Biological product (except 325414
 diagnostic) manufacturing

3255 Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing
 325510 Paint and coating 32551
 manufacturing
 325520 Adhesive manufacturing 32552

3256 Soap, cleaning compound, and toiletry manufacturing
 325610 Soap and cleaning compound 32561
 manufacturing
 325620 Toilet preparation 32562
 manufacturing

3259 Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
 325910 Printing ink manufacturing 32591
 3259A0 All other chemical product and 32592, 32599
 preparation manufacturing

3260 Plastics and rubber products manufacturing
 326110 Plastics packaging materials 32611
 and unlaminated film and
 sheet manufacturing
 326120 Plastics pipe, pipe fitting, 32612
 and unlaminated profile
 shape manufacturing
 326130 Laminated plastics plate, 32613
 sheet (except packaging),
 and shape manufacturing
 326140 Polystyrene foam product 32614
 manufacturing
 326150 Urethane and other foam 32615
 product (except
 polystyrene) manufacturing
 326160 Plastics bottle manufacturing 32616
 326190 Other plastics product 32619
 manufacturing
 326210 Tire manufacturing 32621
 326220 Rubber and plastics hoses and 32622
 belting manufacturing
 326290 Other rubber product 32629
 manufacturing

3270 Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing
 327100 Clay product and refractory 3271
 manufacturing
 327200 Glass and glass product 3272
 manufacturing
 327310 Cement manufacturing 32731
 327320 Ready-mix concrete 32732
 manufacturing
 327330 Concrete pipe, brick, and 32733
 block manufacturing
 327390 Other concrete product 32739
 manufacturing
 327400 Lime and gypsum product 3274
 manufacturing
 327910 Abrasive product manufacturing 32791
 327991 Cut stone and stone product 327991
 manufacturing
 327992 Ground or treated mineral and 327992
 earth manufacturing
 327993 Mineral wool manufacturing 327993
 327999 Miscellaneous nonmetallic 327999
 mineral products

331A Iron and steel mills and manufacturing
 from purchased steel
 331100 Iron and steel mills and 3311
 ferroalloy manufacturing
 331200 Steel product manufacturing 3312
 from purchased steel

331B Nonferrous metal production and processing
 33131A Alumina refining and primary 331311-2
 aluminum production
 331314 Secondary smelting and 331314
 alloying of aluminum
 33131B Aluminum product manufacturing 331315,
 from purchased aluminum 331316,
 331319
 331411 Primary smelting and refining 331411
 of copper
 331419 Primary smelting and refining 331419
 of nonferrous metal (except
 copper and aluminum)
 331420 Copper rolling, drawing, 33142
 extruding, and alloying
 331490 Nonferrous metal (except 33149
 copper and aluminum)
 rolling, drawing, extruding,
 and alloying

3315 Foundries
 331510 Ferrous metal foundries 33151
 331520 Nonferrous metal foundries 33152

3321 Forging and stamping
 33211A All other forging, stamping, 332111-2,
 and sintering 332117
 332114 Custom roll forming 332114
 33211B Crown and closure 332115-6
 manufacturing and metal
 stamping

3322 Cutlery and handtool manufacturing
 332200 Cutlery and handtool 3322
 manufacturing

3323 Architectural and structural metals manufacturing
 332310 Plate work and fabricated 33231
 structural product
 manufacturing
 332320 Ornamental and architectural 33232
 metal products manufacturing

3324 Boiler, tank, and shipping container manufacturing
 332410 Power boiler and heat 33241
 exchanger manufacturing
 332420 Metal tank (heavy gauge) 33242
 manufacturing
 332430 Metal can, box, and other 33243
 metal container (light
 gauge) manufacturing

332A Ordnance and accessories manufacturing
 33299A Ammunition, arms, ordnance, 332992-5
 and accessories
 manufacturing

332B Other fabricated metal product manufacturing
 332500 Hardware manufacturing 3325
 332600 Spring and wire product 3326
 manufacturing
 332710 Machine shops 33271
 332720 Turned product and screw, nut, 33272
 and bolt manufacturing
 332800 Coating, engraving, heat 3328
 treating, and allied
 activities
 33291A Valve and fittings other 332911-2,
 than plumbing 332919
 332913 Plumbing fixture fitting and 332913
 trim manufacturing
 332991 Ball and roller bearing 332991
 manufacturing
 332996 Fabricated pipe and pipe 332996
 fitting manufacturing
 33299B Other fabricated metal 332997-9
 manufacturing

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining
 machinery manufacturing
 333111 Farm machinery and equipment 333111
 manufacturing
 333112 Lawn and garden equipment 333112
 manufacturing
 333120 Construction machinery 33312
 manufacturing
 333130 Mining and oil and gas field 33313
 machinery manufacturing

3332 Industrial machinery manufacturing
 33329A Other industrial machinery 33321,
 manufacturing 333291-4,
 333298
 333220 Plastics and rubber industry 33322
 machinery manufacturing
 333295 Semiconductor machinery 333295
 manufacturing
3333 Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing
 33331A Vending, commercial, 333311-3
 industrial, and office
 machinery manufacturing
 333314 Optical instrument and lens 333314
 manufacturing
 333315 Photographic and photocopying 333315
 equipment manufacturing
 333319 Other commercial and service 333319
 industry machinery
 manufacturing

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment manufacturing
 33341A Air purification and 333411-2
 ventilation equipment
 manufacturing
 333414 Heating equipment (except warm 333414
 air furnaces) manufacturing
 333415 Air conditioning, 333415
 refrigeration, and warm
 air heating equipment
 manufacturing

3335 Metalworking machinery manufacturing
 333511 Industrial mold manufacturing 333511
 33351A Metal cutting and forming 333512-3
 machine tool manufacturing
 333514 Special tool, die, jig, and 333514
 fixture manufacturing
 33351B Cutting and machine tool 333515,
 accessory, rolling mill, 333516,
 and other metalworking 333518
 machinery manufacturing

3336 Engine, turbine, and power transmission
 equipment manufacturing
 333611 Turbine and turbine generator 333611
 set units manufacturing
 333612 Speed changer, industrial 333612
 high-speed drive, and gear
 manufacturing
 333613 Mechanical power transmission 333613
 equipment manufacturing
 333618 Other engine equipment 333618
 manufacturing

3339 Other general purpose machinery manufacturing
 33391A Pump and pumping equipment 333911,
 manufacturing 333913
 333912 Air and gas compressor 333912
 manufacturing
 333920 Material handling equipment 33392
 manufacturing
 333991 Power-driven handtool 333991
 manufacturing
 33399A Other general purpose 333992,
 machinery manufacturing 333997,
 333999
 333993 Packaging machinery 333993
 manufacturing
 333994 Industrial process furnace 333994
 and oven manufacturing
 33399B Fluid power process machinery 333995-6

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing
 334111 Electronic computer 334111
 manufacturing
 334112 Computer storage device 334112
 manufacturing
 33411A Computer terminals and other 334113,
 computer peripheral 334119
 equipment manufacturing

334A Audio, video, and communications equipment
 manufacturing
 334210 Telephone apparatus 33421
 manufacturing
 334220 Broadcast and wireless 33422
 communications equipment
 334290 Other communications 33429
 equipment manufacturing
 334300 Audio and video equipment 3343
 manufacturing

3344 Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing
 334413 Semiconductor and related 334413
 device manufacturing
 334418 Printed circuit assembly 334418
 (electronic assembly)
 manufacturing
 33441A Other electronic component 334411,
 manufacturing 334412,
 334414-7,
 334419

3345 Electronic instrument manufacturing
 334510 Electromedical and 334510
 electrotherapeutic apparatus
 manufacturing
 334511 Search, detection, and 334511
 navigation instruments
 manufacturing
 334512 Automatic environmental 334512
 control manufacturing
 334513 Industrial process variable 334513
 instruments manufacturing
 334514 Totalizing fluid meter and 334514
 counting device
 manufacturing
 334515 Electricity and signal testing 334515
 instruments manufacturing
 334516 Analytical laboratory 334516
 instrument manufacturing
 334517 Irradiation apparatus 334517
 manufacturing
 33451A Watch, clock, and other 334518-9
 measuring and controlling
 device manufacturing

3346 Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and
 optical media
 334610 Manufacturing and reproducing 33461
 magnetic and optical media

3351 Electric lighting equipment manufacturing
 335110 Electric lamp bulb and part 33511
 manufacturing
 335120 Lighting fixture manufacturing 33512

3352 Household appliance manufacturing
 335210 Small electrical appliance 33521
 manufacturing
 335221 Household cooking appliance 335221
 manufacturing
 335222 Household refrigerator and 335222
 home freezer manufacturing
 335224 Household laundry equipment 335224
 manufacturing
 335228 Other major household 335228
 appliance manufacturing

3353 Electrical equipment manufacturing
 335311 Power, distribution, and 335311
 specialty transformer
 manufacturing
 335312 Motor and generator 335312
 manufacturing
 335313 Switchgear and switchboard 335313
 apparatus manufacturing
 335314 Relay and industrial control 335314
 manufacturing

3359 Other electrical equipment and component
 manufacturing
 335911 Storage battery manufacturing 335911
 335912 Primary battery manufacturing 335912
 335920 Communication and energy wire 33592
 and cable manufacturing
 335930 Wiring device manufacturing 33593
 335991 Carbon and graphite product 335991
 manufacturing
 335999 All other miscellaneous 335999
 electrical equipment and
 component manufacturing

3361 Motor vehicle manufacturing
 336111 Automobile manufacturing 336111
 336112 Light truck and utility 336112
 vehicle manufacturing
 336120 Heavy duty truck manufacturing 33612

336A Motor vehicle body, trailer, and parts
 manufacturing
 336211 Motor vehicle body 336211
 manufacturing
 336212 Truck trailer manufacturing 336212
 336213 Motor home manufacturing 336213
 336214 Travel trailer and camper 336214
 manufacturing
 336310 Motor vehicle gasoline engine 33631
 and engine parts
 manufacturing
 336320 Motor vehicle electrical and 33632
 electronic equipment
 manufacturing
 3363A0 Motor vehicle steering, 33633-4
 suspension component (except
 spring), and brake systems
 manufacturing
 336350 Motor vehicle transmission and 33635
 power train parts
 manufacturing
 336360 Motor vehicle seating and 33636
 interior trim manufacturing
 336370 Motor vehicle metal stamping 33637
 336390 Other motor vehicle parts 33639
 manufacturing

3364 Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
 336411 Aircraft manufacturing 336411
 336412 Aircraft engine and engine 336412
 parts manufacturing
 336413 Other aircraft parts and 336413
 auxiliary equipment
 manufacturing
 336414 Guided missile and space 336414
 vehicle manufacturing
 33641A Propulsion units and parts for 336415,
 space vehicles and guided 336419
 missiles

336B Other transportation equipment manufacturing
 336500 Railroad rolling stock 3365
 manufacturing
 336611 Ship building and repairing 336611
 336612 Boat building 336612
 336991 Motorcycle, bicycle, and 336991
 parts manufacturing
 336992 Military armored vehicle, 336992
 tank, and tank component
 manufacturing
 336999 All other transportation 336999
 equipment manufacturing

3370 Furniture and related product manufacturing
 337110 Wood kitchen cabinet and 33711
 countertop manufacturing
 337121 Upholstered household 337121
 furniture manufacturing
 337122 Nonupholstered wood household 337122
 furniture manufacturing
 33712A Metal and other household 337124-5
 furniture (except wood)
 manufacturing
 337127 Institutional furniture 337127
 manufacturing
 337129 Wood television, radio, and 337129
 sewing machine cabinet
 manufacturing
 33721A Office furniture and custom 337211,
 architectural woodwork and 337212,
 millwork manufacturing 337214
 337215 Showcase, partition, shelving, 337215
 and locker manufacturing
 337900 Other furniture related 3379
 product manufacturing

3391 Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing
 339112 Surgical and medical 339112
 instrument manufacturing
 339113 Surgical appliance and 339113
 supplies manufacturing
 339114 Dental equipment and supplies 339114
 manufacturing
 339115 Ophthalmic goods manufacturing 339115
 339116 Dental laboratories 339116

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing
 339910 Jewelry and silverware 33991
 manufacturing
 339920 Sporting and athletic goods 33992
 manufacturing
 339930 Doll, toy, and game 33993
 manufacturing
 339940 Office supplies (except 33994
 paper) manufacturing
 339950 Sign manufacturing 33995
 339990 All other miscellaneous 33999
 manufacturing

 WHOLESALE TRADE

4200 Wholesale trade
 423000 Merchant wholesalers, 423
 durable goods
 424000 Merchant wholesalers, 424
 nondurable goods
 425000 Wholesale electronic markets 425
 and agents and brokers
 42XXXX Wholesale trade adjustments n.a.

 RETAIL TRADE

4A00 Retail trade
 441000 Motor vehicle and parts 441
 dealers
 442000 Furniture and home 442
 furnishings stores
 443000 Electronics and appliance 443
 stores
 444000 Building material and garden 444
 equipment and supplies
 dealers
 445000 Food and beverage stores 445
 446000 Health and personal care 446
 stores
 447000 Gasoline stations 447
 448000 Clothing and clothing 448
 accessories stores
 451000 Sporting goods, hobby, book, 451
 and music stores
 452000 General merchandise stores 452
 453000 Miscellaneous store retailers 453
 454000 Nonstore retailers 454

 TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING,
 EXCLUDING POSTAL SERVICE

4810 Air transportation
 481000 Air transportation 481

4820 Rail transportation
 482000 Rail transportation 482

4830 Water transportation
 483000 Water transportation 483

4840 Truck transportation
 484000 Truck transportation 484

4850 Transit and ground passenger transportation
 485000 Transit and ground passenger 485
 transportation

4860 Pipeline transportation
 486000 Pipeline transportation 486

48A0 Scenic and sightseeing transportation and
 support activities
 48A000 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation and support 487, 488
 activities for
 transportation

4920 Couriers and messengers
 492000 Couriers and messengers 492

4930 Warehousing and storage
 493000 Warehousing and storage 493

 INFORMATION

5111 Newspaper, periodical, book, and directory publishers
 511110 Newspaper publishers 51111
 511120 Periodical publishers 51112
 511130 Book publishers 51113
 5111A0 Directory, mailing list, and 51114, 51119
 other publishers

5112 Software publishers
 511200 Software publishers 51121

5120 Motion picture and sound recording industries
 512100 Motion picture and video 5121
 industries
 512200 Sound recording industries 5122

5151 Radio and television broadcasting (except Internet)
 515100 Radio and television 5151
 broadcasting

5152 Cable and other subscription programming (except Internet)
 515200 Cable and other subscription 5152
 programming

5170 Telecommunications
 517110 Wired telecommunications 5171
 carriers
 517210 Wireless telecommunications 5172
 carriers (except satellite)
 517A00 Satellite, telecommunications
 resellers, and all other 5174-9
 telecommunications

5180 Data processing, hosting, and related services
 518200 Data processing, hosting, and 5182
 related services

5190 Other information services
 519130 Internet publishing and 51913
 broadcasting and Web search
 portals
 5191A0 News syndicates, libraries,
 archives, and all other 51911-2, 51919
 information services

 FINANCE AND INSURANCE

52A0 Monetary authorities, credit intermediation
 and related activities
 52A000 Monetary authorities and 521, 5221
 depository credit
 intermediation
 522A00 Nondepository credit 5222-3
 intermediation and related
 activities

5230 Securities, commodity contracts, investments,
 and related activities
 523A00 Securities and commodity 5231-2
 contracts intermediation
 and brokerage
 523900 Other financial investment 5239
 activities

5240 Insurance carriers and related activities
 524100 Insurance carriers 5241
 524200 Insurance agencies, 5242
 brokerages, and related
 activities

5250 Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles
 525000 Funds, trusts, and other 525
 financial vehicles

 REAL ESTATE AND RENTAL AND LEASING

5310 Real estate
 531000 Real estate 531

5008 Owner-occupied dwellings
 S00800 Owner-occupied dwellings n.a.

5321 Automotive equipment rental and leasing
 532100 Automotive equipment rental 5321
 and leasing

532A Consumer goods and general rental centers
 532A00 General and consumer goods 5322-3
 rental

5324 Commercial and industrial machinery and
 equipment rental and leasing
 532400 Commercial and industrial
 machinery and equipment 5324
 rental and leasing

5330 Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets
 533000 Lessors of nonfinancial 533
 intangible assets

 PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES

5411 Legal services
 541100 Legal services 5411

5412 Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,
 and payroll services
 541200 Accounting, tax preparation,
 bookkeeping, and payroll 5412
 services

5413 Architectural, engineering, and related services
 541300 Architectural, engineering, 5413
 and related services

5414 Specialized design services
 541400 Specialized design services 5414

5415 Computer systems design and related services
 541511 Custom computer programming 541511
 services
 541512 Computer systems design 541512
 services
 54151A Other computer related 541513,
 services, including 541519
 facilities management

5416 Management, scientific, and technical
 consulting services
 541610 Management consulting services 54161
 5416A0 Environmental and other 54162,
 technical consulting 54169
 services

5417 Scientific research and development services
 541700 Scientific research and 5417
 development services

5418 Advertising and related services
 541800 Advertising, public relations, 5418
 and related services

5419 Other professional, scientific, and technical services
 5419A0 All other miscellaneous 54191, 54193,
 professional, scientific, 54199
 and technical services
 541920 Photographic services 54192
 541940 Veterinary services 54194

 MANAGEMENT OF COMPANIES AND ENTERPRISES

5500 Management of companies and enterprises
 550000 Management of companies and 55
 enterprises

 ADMINISTRATIVE AND WASTE SERVICES

561A All other administrative and support services
 561100 Office administrative services 5611
 561200 Facilities support services 5612
 561400 Business support services 5614
 561600 Investigation and security 5616
 services
 561700 Services to buildings and 5617
 dwellings
 561900 Other support services 5619

5613 Employment services
 561300 Employment services 5613

5615 Travel arrangement and reservation services
 561500 Travel arrangement and 5615
 reservation services

5620 Waste management and remediation services
 562000 Waste management and remediation s562

 EDUCATIONAL SERVICES

6100 Educational services
 611100 Elementary and secondary schools 6111
 611A00 Junior colleges, colleges, 6112-3
 universities, and
 professional schools
 611B00 Other educational services 6114-7

 HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE

6210 Ambulatory health care services
 621100 Offices of physicians 6211
 621200 Offices of dentists 6212
 621300 Offices of other health 6213
 practitioners
 621400 Outpatient care centers 6214
 621500 Medical and diagnostic 6215
 laboratories
 621600 Home health care services 6216
 621900 Other ambulatory health care 6219
 services

6220 Hospitals
 622000 Hospitals 622

6230 Nursing and residential care facilities
 623A00 Nursing and community care 6231, 6233
 facilities
 623B00 Residential mental 6232, 6239
 retardation, mental health,
 substance abuse and other
 facilities

6240 Social assistance
 624100 Individual and family services 6241
 624200 Community food, housing, and 6242-3
 other relief services,
 including rehabilitation
 services
 624400 Child day care services 6244

 ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, AND RECREATION

71A0 Performing arts, spectator sports, museums, zoos, and parks
 711100 Performing arts companies 7111
 711200 Spectator sports 7112
 711A00 Promoters of performing arts 7113-4
 and sports and agents for
 public figures
 711500 Independent artists, writers, 7115
 and performers
 712000 Museums, historical sites, 712
 zoos, and parks

7130 Amusements, gambling, and recreation
 713100 Amusement parks and arcades 7131
 713200 Gambling industries (except 7132
 casino hotels)
 713900 Other amusement and 7139
 recreation industries

 ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD SERVICES

7210 Accommodation
 721000 Accommodation 721

7220 Food services and drinking places
 722110 Full-service restaurants 7221
 722211 Limited-service eating places 7222
 722999 All other food and drinking 7223-4
 places

 OTHER SERVICES EXCEPT PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

8111 Automotive repair and maintenance
 811100 Automotive repair and 8111
 maintenance (including car
 washes)

811A Electronic, commercial, and household goods repair
 811200 Electronic and precision 8112
 equipment repair and
 maintenance
 811300 Commercial and industrial 8113
 machinery and equipment
 repair and maintenance
 811400 Personal and household goods 8114
 repair and maintenance

8120 Personal and laundry services
 812100 Personal care services 8121
 812200 Death care services 8122
 812300 Dry-cleaning and laundry 8123
 services
 812900 Other personal services 8129

813A Religious, grantmaking, giving, and social
 advocacy organizations
 813100 Religious organizations 8131
 813A00 Grantmaking, giving, and 8132, 8133
 social advocacy
 organizations

813B Civic, social, professional and similar
 organizations
 813B00 Civic, social, professional, 8134, 8139
 and similar organizations

8140 Private households
 814000 Private households 814

 GOVERNMENT INDUSTRIES

S001 Federal government enterprises
 491000 Postal service 491
 S00101 Federal electric utilities n.a.
 S00102 Other federal government n.a.
 enterprises

S002 State and local government enterprises
 S00201 State and local government n.a.
 passenger transit
 S00202 State and local government n.a.
 electric utilities
 S00203 Other state and local n.a.
 government enterprises

S005 General federal defense government services
 S00500 General federal defense n.a.
 government services

S006 General federal nondefense government services
 S00600 General federal nondefense n.a.
 government services

S007 General state and local government services
 S00700 General state and local n.a.
 government services

 SPECIAL INDUSTRIES

S003 Noncomparable imports
 S00300 Noncomparable imports n.a.

S004 Scrap, used and secondhand goods
 S00401 Scrap n.a.
 S00402 Used and secondhand goods n.a.

S009 Rest of the world adjustment
 S00900 Rest of the world adjustment n.a.

n.a. Not applicable.

Note. An asterisk following a (NAICS) code indicates that
the NAICS industry is included in more than one I-O industry.

(1.) The latest edition of the System of National Accounts 2008 is available at unstats.un.org.

(2.) Brian C. Moyer, Mark A. Planting, Mahnaz Fahim-Nader, and Sherlene K.S. Lum, "Preview of the Comprehensive Revision of the Annual Industry Accounts: Integrating the Annual Input-Output Accounts and Gross Domestic Product by Industry Accounts," Survey of Current Business 84 (March 2004): 38-51; Ann M. Lawson, Brian C. Moyer, Sumiye Okubo, and Mark A. Planting, "Integrating Industry and National Economic Accounts: First Steps and Future Improvements," in A New Architecture for U.S. National Accounts, ed. Dale W. Jorgenson, J. Steven Landefeld, and William D. Nordhaus (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006).

(3.) Brian C. Moyer, "Future Directions for the Industry Accounts," Survey 89 (March 2009): 29-32.

(4.) For the details, see Nicole M. Mayerhauser and Sarah J. Pack, "Preview of the Comprehensive Revision of the National Income and Product Accounts: Statistical Changes," Survey 93 (May): 6-14.

(5.) For the details, see "Preview of the Comprehensive Revision of the National Income and Product Accounts: Changes in Definitions and Presentations," Survey 93 (March 2013): 13-39.

(6.) For more information, see Carol S. Carson, Bruce T. Grimm, and Carol E. Moylan, "A Satellite Account for Research and Development," Survey 74 (November 1994): 37-71. For the most recent update, see Jennifer Lee and Andrew G. Schmidt, "Research and Development Satellite Account Update: Estimates for 1959-2007" Survey 90 (December 2010): 16-27.

(7.) For details, see Rachel H. Soloveichik, "Artistic Originals as Capital Assets," Survey 91 (June 2011): 43-51. See also SNA 2008, 207, paragraph 10.115 and "Entertainment, Literary, and Artistic Originals," in the Handbook on Deriving Capital Measures of Intellectual Property Products (Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, October 2010): 150-166.

(8.) For a discussion of the recommended treatment of these costs, see SNA 2008, 200-201, paragraphs 10.48-10.55 and 211-212, paragraph 10.158.

(9.) For preliminary research on accrual-based estimates of these transactions, see Marshall B. Reinsdorf and David G. Lenze, "Defined Benefit Pensions and Household Income and Wealth," Survey (August 2009): 50-62.

(10.) A proposed expansion for utilities, wholesale trade, and retail trade will be presented in the detailed annual gross output tables. The expansion of the presentation of industries for these sectors in the make and use tables of the benchmark I-O accounts is still under consideration.

(11.) For additional information on estimation methods, see Karen J. Horowitz and Mark A. Planting, Concepts and Methods of the U.S. Input-Output Accounts (2006) at www.bea.gov, and Nicole M. Mayerhauser and Erich H. Strassner, "Preview of the Comprehensive Revision of the Annual Industry Accounts: Changes in Definitions, Classification, and Statistical Methods," Survey 90 (March 2010): 21-34.

(12.) For complete details on BEA's measures of compensation by industry, including supplements to wages and salaries, see "Compensation of Employees," in NIPA Handbook: Concepts and Methods of the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts.

(13.) The use of previously published intermediate inputs for a given year in updating the accounts with revised data for the same year is consistent with the methodology used in the annual industry accounts and was introduced as part of the 2011 flexible annual revision of the industry accounts. See Teresa L. Gilmore, Amanda S. Lyndaker, Sarah J. Pack, and Simon N. Randrianarivelo, "Annual Industry Accounts: Revised Statistics for 2003-2010," Survey 91 (December 2011): 15-27.

(14.) See Dylan G. Rassier, Thomas F. Howells III, Edward T. Morgan, Micholas R. Empey, and Conrad E. Roesch, "Integrating the 2002 Benchmark Input-Output Accounts and the 2002 Annual Industry Accounts," Survey 87 (December 2007): 14-22.

Table 1. Effects of Recognizing R&D Expenditures as Investment

 Gross output Intermediate Value added
 inputs

Business No change Decreases by Increases by
 expenditures amount amount of
 for R&D of R&D R&D
 purchases (1) expenditures expenditures

NPISHs and Increases by Decreases by Increases by
 general the amount the amount the amount
 government of R&D CFC of of R&D CFC
 expenditures Decreases by purchased
 for R&D the amount R&D
 of purchased
 R&D (2)
R&D produced by Increases by Unchanged Increases by
 business on amount of amount of
 own-account (1) own-account own-account
 R&D
R&D produced by Increases by Unchanged Increases by
 NPISH and the amount the amount
 general of R&D CFC of R&D CFC
 government on
 own-account (1)

(1.) Business includes government enterprises.

(2.) Gross output for NPISH is measured as the sum of current
operating expenses. Reclassifying R&D to capital lowers
operating expenses, thereby lowering NPISH output.

CFC Consumption of fixed capital

NPISHs Nonprofit institutions serving households

R&D Research and development

Table 2. Effects of Incorporating
2007 NAICS on the Information Sector

BEA Current presentation 2002
codes NAICS
 codes

511 Publishing industries (includes software) 511,516
512 Motion picture and sound recording industries 512
513 Broadcasting and telecommunications 515, 517
514 Information and data processing services 518, 519

BEA Proposed presentation 2007
codes NAICS
 codes

511 Publishing industries, except Internet 511
 (includes software)
512 Motion picture and sound recording industries 512
513 Broadcasting and telecommunications 515, 517
514 Data processing, Internet publishing, and 518, 519
 other information services

NAICS North American Industry Classification System

Table A. Principal Data Sources for Industry or Commodity
Outputs--Continues

Industry or 2007 Benchmark- Nonbenchmark-
commodity year source year source

Agriculture, USDA, Forest USDA, Forest
 forestry, Service, Economic Service, Economic
 fishing and Research Service and Research Service and
 hunting National Agriculture National Agriculture
 Statistical Service Statistical Service
 NOAA, National NOAA, National
 Marine Fisheries Marine Fisheries
 Service, Fisheries Service, Fisheries
 of the United States of the United States
 Census Bureau, Census Bureau, ASM
 Statistics of United Bureau of Economic
 States Businesses Analysis, NIPAs
Mining Census Bureau, 2007 DOE, Energy
 Economic Census, Information
 NAICS Sector 21, Administration
 Mining USGS Mineral
 Commodity Summaries
Utilities Census Bureau, 2007 Census Bureau, SAS
 Economic Census,
 NAICS Sector 22,
 Utilities
 DOE, Energy DOE, Energy
 Information Information
 Administration Administration
Construction Census Bureau, Value Census Bureau, Value
 of Construction Put of Construction Put
 In Place Statistics In Place Statistics
Manufacturing Census Bureau, 2007 Census Bureau, ASM
 Economic Census,
 NAICS Sector 31-33,
 Manufacturing
 Census Bureau, 2007
 Current Industrial
 Reports
Wholesale Census Bureau, 2007 Census Bureau,
 trade Economic Census, Annual Wholesale
 NAICS Sector 42, Trade Survey
 Wholesale Trade
 Census Bureau, 2007
 Annual Wholesale
 Trade Survey
Retail trade Census Bureau, 2007 Census Bureau,
 Economic Census, Annual Retail Trade
 NAICS Sector 44-45, Survey
 Retail Trade
 Census Bureau, 2007
 Annual Retail Trade
 Survey
Transportation Census Bureau, 2007 Census Bureau, SAS
 and Economic Census,
 warehousing NAICS Sector 48-49,
 Transportation and
 Warehousing
 DOT, Bureau of DOT, Bureau of
 Transportation Transportation
 Statistics Statistics
 DOT, Surface DOT, Surface
 Transportation Board Transportation Board
 Amtrak 2007 Annual Amtrak Annual
 Report Reports
Information Census Bureau, 2007 Census Bureau, SAS
 Economic Census,
 NAICS Sector 51,
 Information
Finance, Census Bureau, 2007 Census Bureau, SAS
 insurance, Economic Census,
 real estate, NAICS Sector 52,
 rental and Finance and
 leasing Insurance
 Census Bureau, 2007 SEC Focus Reports
 Economic Census,
 NAICS Sector 53,
 Real Estate and
 Rental and Leasing
 Federal Deposit Federal Deposit
 Insurance Insurance
 Corporation, 2003 Corporation,
 Statistics on Statistics on
 Banking Banking
 New York Stock Office of Thrift
 Exchange, 2007 Supervision data
 Annual Report
 Federal Reserve Federal Reserve
 Board, Flow of Funds Board, Flow of Funds
 Accounts Accounts
 Internal Revenue National Credit
 Service, Statistics Union Administration
 of Income
 Department of Health BLS, QCEW
 and Human Services,
 Medical Expenditure
 Panel Survey
 Internal Revenue
 Service, Statistics
 of Income
 National Association
 of Insurance
 Commissioners
 statistics
 A M Best Company A M Best Company
 statistics statistics
 Mortgage Insurance Mortgage Insurance
 Companies of Companies of
 America, Fact Book America, Fact Book
 American Council of American Council of
 Life Insurers, Life Life Insurers, Life
 Insurance Fact Book Insurance Fact Book
 BEA, NIPAs BEA, NIPAs
Professional Census Bureau, 2007 Census Bureau, SAS
 and business Economic Census,
 services NAICS Sector 54,
 Professional,
 Scientific, and
 Technical Services
 Census Bureau, 2007 BLS, QCEW
 Economic Census,
 NAICS Sector 55,
 Management of
 Companies and
 Enterprises
 Census Bureau, 2007
 Economic Census,
 NAICS Sector 56,
 Administrative and
 Support and Waste
 Management and
 Remediation Services
Educational USDOE, National USDOE, National
 services, Center for Education Center for Education
 health care, Statistics, 2007 Statistics
 and social Digest of Education
 assistance Statistics
 Census Bureau, 2007 Census Bureau, SAS
 Economic Census,
 NAICS Sector 61,
 Educational Services
 Census Bureau, 2007 BEA, NIPAs
 Economic Census,
 NAICS Sector 62,
 Health Care and
 Social Assistance
 National Association
 of College Store,
 Vending Times
Arts, Census Bureau, 2007 Census Bureau, SAS
 entertainment, Economic Census,
 recreation, NAICS Sector 71,
 accommodation, Arts, Entertainment,
 and food and Recreation
 services
 Census Bureau, 2007 BEA, NIPAs
 Economic Census,
 NAICS Sector 72,
 Accommodation and Census Bureau,
 Food Services Annual Retail Trade
 Survey
Other services, Census Bureau, 2007 Census Bureau, SAS
 except Economic Census,
 government NAICS Sector 81,
 Other Services
 BEA, NIPAs BEA, NIPAs
 BLS, QCEW
 National Center for
 Charitable
 Statistics
Government Census Bureau, 2007 Department of
 Census of Defense data
 Governments
 Census Bureau, 2007 U.S. Postal Service
 Government Finances receipts
 Census Bureau, 2007 DOE, Energy
 Public Employment Information
 Administration
 Federal Budget Data Census Bureau, Value
 and Federal of Construction Put
 Government Agency In Place Statistics
 Reports
 Center for Medicare BEA, NIPAs
 and Medicaid
 Services
 U.S. Postal Service Census Bureau,
 receipts, DOE, Survey of Government
 Energy Information Finances
 Administration
 BEA, NIPAs BLS, QCEW

ASM Annual Survey of Manufactures

BEA Bureau of Economic Analysis

BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics

DOE Department of Energy

DOT Department of Transportation

NAICS North American Industry Classification System

NIPAs National Income and Product Accounts

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

QCEW Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages

SAS Service Annual Survey

SEC Securities and Exchange Commission

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

USDOE U.S. Department of Education

USGS United States Geological Survey

Table B. Principal Data Sources and Methods for
Estimating Intermediate Inputs and Value Added

Input component Source data and methods used in 2007
 benchmark year

Intermediate Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
 inputs (1)
 Inputs to the agriculture, forestry, fishing
 and hunting industries were estimated from
 U.S. Department of Agricultures 2007 Census
 of Agriculture or by extrapolating 2002
 benchmark input-output (I-O) estimates.

 Mining

 Inputs to the mining industries were
 estimated primarily from the 2007 Economic
 Census mining sector reports. Detailed
 expense data used to estimate intermediate
 inputs included accounting, auditing, and
 bookkeeping services; advertising and
 promotional expenses; communication services;
 legal services; purchased electricity;
 purchased fuels consumed; rental payments for
 buildings and other structures; rental
 payments for machinery and equipment;
 supplies used and minerals received; and all
 other operating expenses. Inputs were also
 extrapolated using the 2002 benchmark I-O
 estimates.

 Construction

 Inputs to the construction industries were
 estimated primarily from 2007 Economic Census
 construction data.

 Manufacturing

 Inputs to the manufacturing industries were
 estimated primarily from the 2007 Economic
 Census manufacturing sector reports. Detailed
 expense data used to estimate intermediate
 inputs included accounting, auditing, and
 bookkeeping services; advertising and
 promotional services; communication services;
 legal services; management consulting and
 administrative services; materials, parts,
 containers, packaging, etc., used; purchased
 computer services; purchased electricity;
 purchased fuels; refuse removal services;
 rental payments for buildings and other
 structures; rental payments for machinery and
 equipment; repair and maintenance services of
 buildings and-or machinery; ad all other
 operating expenses. Inputs were also
 extrapolated using the 2002 benchmark I-O
 estimates.

 Wholesale and retail trade

 Inputs to the wholesale and retail trade
 industries were estimated primarily from the
 Census Bureau's 2007 Annual Wholesale Trade
 Survey (AWTS) and Annual Retail Survey
 (ARTS). Detailed expense data used to
 estimate intermediate inputs included
 packaging materials and containers; data
 processing and other purchased computer
 services; communication services; repairs and
 maintenance to machinery and equipment;
 repairs and maintenance to buildings,
 structures, and offices; rental payments for
 machinery and equipment; rental payments for
 buildings, offices, stores; purchased
 electricity; purchased fuels (except motor
 fuels); water, sewer, refuse removal, and
 other utility payments; purchased
 transportation, shipping and warehousing
 services; purchased advertising and
 promotional services; and purchased
 professional and technical services. Inputs
 were also extrapolated using the 2002
 benchmark I-O estimates.

 Services, transportation and warehousing, and
 utilities

 For selected census-covered industries,
 information from the 2007 Service Annual
 Survey (SAS) on operating expenses was used.
 Detailed expense data used to estimate
 intermediate inputs included materials, parts
 and supplies (not for resale); purchased
 electricity; purchased fuels (except motor
 fuels); rental payments for machinery,
 equipment, and other tangible items; rental
 payments for buildings, structures, and land;
 repairs and maintenance to machinery and
 equipment; repairs and maintenance to
 buildings, structures, and offices;
 advertising and promotional services;
 printing services; data processing and other
 purchased computer services; communication
 services; water, sewer, refuse removal and
 other utilities; professional and technical
 services; and all other operating expenses.
 For industries not covered by census, inputs
 were estimated from a variety of sources,
 including data from the 2009 SAS on operating
 expenses, and data from Amtrak, Department of
 Transportation, Department of Energy, Federal
 Reserve Board, and the Securities Exchange
 Commission. Inputs were also estimated by
 extrapolating 2002 benchmark I-O estimates by
 the change in output from 2002 to 2007.

Value added:

Compensation Tabulations of wages and salaries from the
 of Bureau of Labor Statistics Quarterly Census
 employees of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program, and
 estimates of supplements to wages and
 salaries from the national income and product
 accounts (NIPAs) were used; data were
 adjusted for misreporting and I-O industry
 definitions.
 For industries not covered by the QCEW,
 payroll data from the 2007 Economic Censuses
 were used; data were adjusted for
 misreporting and I-O industry definitions.
 Benefits data were based on the relationship
 between the Economic Census, SAS, and 2007
 Business Expense Supplement reported benefits
 and payroll data, applied to the 2007 QCEW
 wage and salary data. For the remaining
 industries, benefits were estimated using
 indirect techniques.
 All estimates were adjusted to balance to
 total compensation by industry in the NIPAs.
Taxes on The estimates by industry were prepared in
 production two parts: For excise and general sales
 and imports taxes, the values were estimated as part of
 less each industry's output; for other taxes,
 subsidies assessments and license fees, the estimates
 were distributed on the basis of a variety of
 source data, including state government tax
 collections statistics, the Annual Survey of
 Manufactures, ARTS, AWTS, and SAS. For all
 other tax liabilities, estimates were
 distributed to industries using indirect
 techniques.
 All estimates were adjusted to balance to
 total taxes on production and imports, less
 subsidies, by industry in the NIPAs.
Gross For most industries, gross operating surplus
 operating reflects a quality-weighted average of a
 surplus residual estimate (total industry output less
 total intermediate inputs, compensation of
 employees, and taxes on production and
 imports, less subsidies) and a direct-
 estimate based on summing up the components
 of gross operating surplus from the NIPAs,
 adjusted to an establishment basis. (2)

(1.) Estimates for intermediate inputs were adjusted during
the process of balancing commodity purchases across
industries with commodity output totals.

(2.) See Rassier, Howells III, Morgan, Empey, and Roesch,
"Integrating the 2002 Bench-mark Input-Output Accounts with
the 2002 Annual Industry Accounts," Survey of Current
Business 87 (December): 14-22.