文章基本信息

标题：Application of GIS from the multifunctionality aspect [ 3 ]
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作者：Borisov Mirko A. ; Banković Radoje D.
期刊名称：Vojnotehnicki glasnik / Military Technical Courier
印刷版ISSN：0042-8469
电子版ISSN：2217-4753
出版年度：2011
卷号：59
期号：2
页码：158-174
语种：
出版社：Ministry of defence of the Republic of Serbia: University of defence in Belgrade
摘要：Application of computer technology in the Earth science has led to the creation and development of new scientific disciplines, particularly digital cartography and GIS. This paper describes the application of GIS from several points of view such as: multi-scale, multi-thematic, multi-viewing, accommodation to standard software platforms and multi-user data accesses. Introduction The premise of a successful usage of topographic data nowadays implies their disposal in a digital form and organisation in a modern way, suitable for further computer processing. It is a unanimous opinion that it can be successfully completed only through creating data basis of space developing GIS. The theme of the written work is the development and application of GIS, and management of topographic data in accordance with international standards and users' needs. Moving to digital technology of creating and using topographic data should not be literal translation of the analogue map into a digital picture or just the automation of the map making using digital technology. The new method implies the formation of the central topographic data base which would generate displays of arbitrary scales, desired volumes of content, changeable sheet dimensions, various thematic displays, altogether in accordance with users' demands and needs. Digital cartography and GIS The development and application of computers in the area of earth sciences caused the creation of new definitions and disciplines among which are noticeable computer supported cartography and GIS. The computer-supported cartography was in its later phase called digital cartography and it can be used in two ways: like modern technology of date processing about space and like a new discipline. The main principle on which digital cartography as a discipline is based represents the processing and visualization of data about space but with computer supported technology. Application of GIS from various aspects Topographic maps have existed for many years in more or less similar or the same traditional form. By creating the basic data base about space through the application of GIS technology, a wide range of possibilities for dynamic selection of content appears. This content will further be shown on the screen or as a drawing on a piece of paper. The aspects of multidisciplinarity promote topographic data base as a significant part of general spatial data infrastructure. Application from the multiscale aspect There are different information levels which differ among themselves in quantity and content of data necessary for various levels of observation management and decision making. One of the principal tasks which emerges is a choice of the basic scale and resolution of the display for which the data are gathered. In cartography, that is a scale of 1:25,000, based on which the topographic map (TM) is created. Mutual complement of GIS and WWW will completely change the classic delivery of spatial data. Various topographic and thematic maps will be created and obtained from the unique data base. Application from the multithematic aspect The main objective of the formation of spatial data infrastructure is the creation of the standard GIS platform but also the possibility of multi purpose application of GIS for environment (farming, forestry, waterpower engineering) land development (commercial and business), itinerary analysis, tracing of retail and wholesale routes distributional nets (shops and warehouse locations) media and marketing planning (locations, sales territory, sales prospects, market analysis according to users), finances - insurance (from the users aspect, investors and areas of low/high risk), healthcare (general healthcare, appearance of epidemic and its spreading) and non-productive activities (tourism, archaeology, environment protection). Application from the aspect of multidisplay Once formed, the spatial data base, or GIS, should offer to the user a lot of graphic, descriptive and other important information which is, in fact, a digital or traditional display in a form of a determined output. One of the ways of using GIS implies cartographic publishing (getting the reproductive originals and printing geographic map sheets) in a traditional form. Application from the aspect of adjustment to standard software platforms In the groundbreaking period of civilization with radical changes in a scientific - technological sphere, it was necessary to select a new, most suitable software platform with attaching hardware components. After thorough analyses (analyses of foreign and national literature and the usage of demo versions of various GIS software), the American company ESRI software platform was selected. Application from the aspect of multiusers data access Internet and Intranet are deeply rooted technologies and have been increasingly used as technologies to accomplish the growing number of distributed informational systems. Therefore, the above-mentioned technologies are needed for distributed work with spatial data. Maintenance of GIS data The maintenance of the topographic data denotes a process of updating old-fashioned content and entering new geospatial data as well as the elimination and the correction of details which are not in accordance with the real state on the field. In connection with the volume and the method of work, difference should be made between the spatial data maintenance aspects for the basic scale, which refer to the entire content and specific elements of the content. Regarding periods in which the present space data maintenance is done, there are continuous and periodical ones. Conclusion When establishing the unique GIS, we ought to apply a principle according to which all the data once gathered in one State institution can be used variedly as well as in many other institutions (military, administrative, economic, scientific, cultural, etc.). This principle does not apply only to the rationalization but also to uniqueness and quality of the research of common geospace. In the present state of the development, it is hard to predict the trends of cartographic and generally speaking GIS processes, but the most important is that topographic data have digital form the meaning of which is universal, regardless of the current development of technique and technology.