摘要:The doctrine of a social state in the second half of XX – the beginning of the XXI centuries developed under the influence of achievements of paternalistic policy of the USSR. Under the years of Russia’s development as a social state in the conditions of democratic market transformations, studying the experience of last decades, the need for adequate judgments of a role and value of social factor in Russian society increases. One of the main fundamentals of such policy is the principle of responsibility of the state for creation of the conditions necessary for social development of society. In this regard, particular scientific and practical interest is gained by a problem of essence of social policy of the state during the different historical periods, especially in the 1920s when the Soviet social security system was developing. At that time various approaches to the solution of social problems: the state ideology and an assumption in economy of elements of a private property (1921-1929) were very clear. Researches of the state social policy in Russia in 1920s are defined by a number of factors. In this regard consideration of the main problems of social development of the state represents a reflection of process of modernization in a particular region in the South of Russia.