文章基本信息

标题：The Problem of the Subject in the Contractual Relations of the Bashkirs with the Russian state in the XVII – first third of the XVIII centuries
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作者：Vladimir G. Ivantsov ; Violetta S. Molchanova ; Irina I. Potapova 等
期刊名称：Bylye Gody
印刷版ISSN：2073-9745
出版年度：2021
卷号：16
期号：3
DOI：10.13187/bg.2021.3.1106
语种：Russian
出版社：Sochi State University
摘要：Since the Bashkirs in the XVI-XVIII centuries. did not possess statehood, the concept of their contractual citizenship to Russia still evokes well-founded criticism. In foreign and domestic historiography, two points of view have developed, one of which denies the existence of any bilateral agreement between the Russian state and the Bashkirs, the other considers these relations from the position of feudal vassalage. However, none of these interpretations can explain the phenomenon of the Bashkir uprisings of the XVII-XVIII centuries, during which the Bashkirs did not create their own state. As a rule, the insurgents' demands were limited to appeals to observe patrimonial rights and not violate their religious freedom. To resolve this contradiction, the authors considered it necessary to introduce into scientific circulation the materials of the Bashkir embassy in 1733. In the process of their analysis, it was possible to establish that contractual relations with Russia were concluded not by individual representatives of the Bashkir tribal structures, but by a single political structure, called in official documents the "Bashkir Horde" ... This polity solved exclusively foreign policy tasks. She was responsible for organizing the protection of the southeastern borders of the Ufa province and regulating relations with the Russian state. Within this polity, tribal associations did not form any hierarchical structure crowned by the figure of a khan. For this reason, the most acute conflicts between the Bashkir communities (land litigation and criminal offenses) were submitted to the supreme power of the state. Thus, the Bashkir Horde could exist only as an autonomous union within the empire. However, in the first third of the 18th century. Bashkir unification is going through a political crisis caused by a wide influx of agricultural migrants from neighboring provinces. The Bashkir volosts could not come to a common decision on the issue of accepting migrants. The exacerbation of the internal conflict in the Bashkir Horde was facilitated by the capture by the Yaik Cossacks in 1725 of the salt deposits on the Ilek, which were traditionally considered the property of the entire Bashkir people.