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标题：Y-chromosome haplotypes and clan structure of the Sherpa of the Solukhumbu (Nepal): preliminary ethnogenetic considerations
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作者：IRENE AMORUSO ; LUCIANA CAENAZZO ; SILVANO PRESCIUTTINI 等
期刊名称：Anthropological Science
印刷版ISSN：0918-7960
电子版ISSN：1348-8570
出版年度：2013
卷号：121
期号：1
页码：75-83
DOI：10.1537/ase.121122
语种：English
出版社：The Anthropological Society of Nippon
摘要：The present-day Sherpa are thought to descend from a small number of ancestors that settled in Nepal several centuries ago, coming from the Eastern Tibetan region of Kham. A generally accepted ethnographic theory involves the out-of-Kham migration of four proto-clans between the 15th and 16th centuries. Traditional Sherpa society is still divided into clans, called ru, which are patrilin-early transmitted. Ru therefore roughly correspond to the surnames of Western societies: males of the same ru are expected to share identical Y-chromosome haplotypes. However, multiple origins of ru and/or frequent gene flow of male lineages from neighbouring populations can complicate the genealogical structure. In the present work, 25 male Sherpas of the Solukhumbu district were typed for the 17 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats included in the AmpF l STR^® Yfiler™ kit. Seventeen different haplotypes were found; 12 were unique. A phylogenetic tree was then drawn from the pairwise mutational distance matrix with a neighbour-joining algorithm. Branching reliability was also assessed through bootstrap analysis. Two macro-clusters of haplotypes were found, ascribable on the whole to two out of four of the presumed Tibetan proto-ru, the Thimmi and the Minyagpa. However, the Minyagpa macro-cluster was found to be bipartite in terms of haplogroups, being composed by two distinct haplotype clusters. Clustering of the contributors by birthplace was also performed, suggesting a differential ru spatial distribution between upper Khumbu and lower Solu. Khumbu seems predominantly populated by newer clans and putative descendants of the Thimmi proto-ru, whereas Solu is mostly inhabited by members of the Minyagpa proto-ru.
关键词：Sherpa;clan structure;Solukhumbu;Y-STRs;AmpFlSTR Yfiler