文章基本信息

标题：Creation and Maintenance of the Modern School Order in Japan as Seen in Suspension and Expulsion: Based on Meiji-Era “School Management Books”
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作者：Tomohiko MIZUTANI
期刊名称：教育学研究
印刷版ISSN：0387-3161
电子版ISSN：2187-5278
出版年度：2021
卷号：81
期号：2
页码：211-222
DOI：10.11555/kyoiku.88.2_211
语种：English
出版社：Japan Science and Technology Information Aggregator, Electronic
摘要：This paper clarifies how schools created and maintained order through analysis of suspension and expulsion in the “School Management Books” of the Meiji era. The “School Management Books,” written by people knowledgeable about education at the time, explained the methods of management and control of schools for teachers. The results of this analysis can be summarized as follows. First, the punishment of suspension, whether for a fixed term or otherwise, was designed to keep deviant children at home and then reintegrate them into the school. Second, the punishment of suspension was a ritual to make other children aware of the existence of the deviant child and to share the belief in the possibility of the child's rehabilitation through speeches aiming at that end. The punishment of expulsion, however, had the nature of nihilation (a term proposed by Berger and Luckmann). It removed incorrigible children from the school without informing anyone of their existence. What can be argued from the results of the above analysis is that, first, suspension may have functioned to make children recognize the image expected of people belonging to the school. Expulsion, on the other hand, was a way of resolving the contradiction that arose between the existence of incorrigible children and the belief in the rehabilitative potential of children that the suspension ritual was intended to share. This contradiction might lead to the denial of the transformability of the individual, which is the premise of schooling, and therefore must not occur. Therefore, expulsion was a way to rid the school of the child under another name, without making the fact of child expulsion known, to maintain the belief in the possibility of rehabilitation. In any case, both suspension and expulsion were discussed as functioning to create and maintain the modern school order. Nonetheless, the authors of the “School Management Books” believed that primary schools should not deny children the possibility of rehabilitation, much less deprive them of the right to belong to a school. On the other hand, they were also aware that there were certain children who should not be allowed to belong to the school, and may thus have given the schools and teachers the option of suspending or expelling them. However, during the Meiji era, neither the family nor other systems for the treatment of minors could be said to have fulfilled their function of protecting children. Therefore, the authors of the “School Management Books” foresaw that expelling children from school had the potential to harm society. The question of when these authors' dilemma will be resolved is an issue that needs to be explored in the future.
关键词：punishment;suspension;expulsion;School Management Books;ritual