文章基本信息

标题：Interpreting High-resolution Spectroscopy of Exoplanets using Cross-correlations and Supervised Machine Learning
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作者：Chloe Fisher ; H.Jens Hoeijmakers ; Daniel Kitzmann 等
期刊名称：The Astronomical journal
印刷版ISSN：0004-6256
电子版ISSN：1538-3881
出版年度：2020
卷号：159
期号：5
页码：2676-2690
DOI：10.3847/1538-3881/ab7a92
语种：English
出版社：American Institute of Physics
摘要：We present a new method for performing atmospheric retrieval on ground-based, high-resolution data of exoplanets.Our method combines cross-correlation functions with a random forest, a supervised machine-learning technique, to overcome challenges associated with high-resolution data.A series of cross-correlation functions are concatenated to give a "CCF-sequence" for each model atmosphere, which reduces the dimensionality by a factor of ~100.The random forest, trained on our grid of ~65,000 models, provides a likelihood-free method of retrieval.The precomputed grid spans 31 values of both temperature and metallicity, and incorporates a realistic noise model.We apply our method to HARPS-N observations of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b and obtain a metallicity consistent with solar (logM = − 0.2 ± 0.2).Our retrieved transit chord temperature ($T={6000}_{-200}^{+0}$K) is unreliable as strong ion lines lie outside of the extent of the training set, which we interpret as being indicative of missing physics in our atmospheric model.We compare our method to traditional nested sampling, as well as other machine-learning techniques, such as Bayesian neural networks.We demonstrate that the likelihood-free aspect of the random forest makes it more robust than nested sampling to different error distributions, and that the Bayesian neural network we tested is unable to reproduce complex posteriors.We also address the claim in Cobb et al.2019 that our random forest retrieval technique can be overconfident but incorrect.We show that this is an artifact of the training set, rather than of the machine-learning method, and that the posteriors agree with those obtained using nested sampling.
关键词：Exoplanet;atmospheres