文章基本信息

标题：MIRACLES: atmospheric characterization of directly imaged planets and substellar companions at 4–5 μm
其他标题：I. Photometric analysis ofβPic b, HIP 65426 b, PZ Tel B, and HD 206893 B★
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作者：T. Stolker ; S. P. Quanz ; K. O. Todorov 等
期刊名称：Astronomy & Astrophysics
印刷版ISSN：0004-6361
电子版ISSN：1432-0746
出版年度：2020
卷号：635
页码：1-23
DOI：10.1051/0004-6361/201937159
语种：English
出版社：EDP Sciences
摘要：Context.Directly imaged planets and substellar companions are key targets for the characterization of self-luminous atmospheres. Their photometric appearance at 4–5μm is sensitive to the chemical composition and cloud content of their atmosphere.Aims.We aim to systematically characterize the atmospheres of directly imaged low-mass companions at 4–5μm. We want to homogeneously process the data, provide robust flux measurements, and compile a photometric library at thermal wavelengths of these mostly young, low-gravity objects. In this way, we want to find trends related to their spectral type and surface gravity by comparing with isolated brown dwarfs and predictions from atmospheric models.Methods.We used the high-resolution, high-contrast capabilities of NACO at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) to directly image the companions of HIP 65426, PZ Tel, and HD 206893 in the NB4.05 and/orM′ filters. For the same targets, and additionallyβPic, we also analyzed six archival VLT/NACO datasets which were taken with the NB3.74,L′, NB4.05, andM′ filters. The data processing and photometric extraction of the companions was done withPynPointwhile thespeciestoolkit was used to further analyze and interpret the fluxes and colors.Results.We detect for the first time HIP 65426 b, PZ Tel B, and HD 206893 B in the NB4.05 filter, PZ Tel B and HD 206893 B in theM′ filter, andβPic b in the NB3.74 filter. We provide calibrated magnitudes and fluxes with a careful analysis of the error budget, both for the new and archival datasets. TheL′–NB4.05 andL′–M′ colors of the studied sample are all red while the NB4.05–M′ color is blue forβPic b, gray for PZ Tel B, and red for HIP 65426 b and HD 206893 B (although typically with low significance). The absolute NB4.05 andM′ fluxes of our sample are all larger than those of field dwarfs with similar spectral types. Finally, the surface gravity ofβPic b has been constrained to logg= 4.17−0.13+0.10dex from its photometry and dynamical mass.Conclusions.A red color at 3–4μm and a blue color at 4–5μm might be (partially) caused by H2O and CO absorption, respectively, which are expected to be the most dominant gaseous opacities in hot (Teff≳ 1300 K) atmospheres. The red characteristics ofβPic b, HIP 65426 b, and HD 206893 B at 3–5μm, as well as their higher fluxes in NB4.05 andM′ compared to field dwarfs, indicate that cloud densities are enhanced close to the photosphere as a result of their low surface gravity.
关键词：Key wordsenplanets and satellites: atmospheresmethods: data analysistechniques: high angular resolutiontechniques: image processing