文章基本信息

标题：Size and Development of the Shadow Economies of 157 Worldwide Countries: Updated and New Measures from 1999 to 2013
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作者：Hassan Mai ; Schneider Friedrich
期刊名称：Journal of Global Economics
电子版ISSN：2375-4389
出版年度：2016
卷号：4
期号：3
页码：1-14
DOI：10.4172/2375-4389.1000218
语种：English
出版社：OMICS International
摘要：This paper is a first attempt to study the size and development of the shadow economies of 157 countries between 1999 and 2013. Using a MIMIC model, we find that higher tax and regulatory burden, unemployment and self-employment rates are drivers of the shadow economy, meaning that an increase in these causal variables increases the shadow economy. Our result also confirms previous findings of Friedrich Schneider, Andreas Buehn and Claudia Montenegro. The estimated average of informality of 157 countries around the world, including developing, eastern European, central Asian and high income OECD countries averaged over 1999 to 2013 is 33.77% of official GDP. A critical discussion about the size of these macro-estimates comes to the conclusion that most likely the “true” shadow economy of these countries is only 69% of their estimated macro-MIMIC-values.
关键词：Shadow economies of 157 countries; Quality of institutions; Tax burden; MIMIC model