文章基本信息

标题：A New Change-of-Contents False Belief Test: Children and Chimpanzees Compared
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作者：Krachun, Carla ; Carpenter, Canada Malinda ; Call, Josep 等
期刊名称：International Journal of Comparative Psychology
印刷版ISSN：0889-3667
出版年度：2010
卷号：23
期号：2
页码：145-165
出版社：University of California Press
摘要：In the handful of existing comparative false belief studies, chimpanzees have consistently failed tests that 5- to 6-year-old children have passed.However, those tests were either explicitly cooperative communicativeor competitive, both of which are problematic for different reasons.We therefore devised a new change-of-contents false belief test for children and chimpanzees that did not include these problematic elements.Nevertheless, chimpanzees showed no evidence of understanding false beliefs (consistent with past research, however, children showed a clear improvement in test performance from 3.5 to 4.5 years of age).Our results suggest that the cooperative-communicative or competitive nature of previous false belief tests was not solely responsible for chimpanzees’ failure.That chimpanzees have now also failed a more socially neutral test supports the conclusion that chimpanzees may simply not recognize false belief states in others.Additionally, our test departs from a near exclusive reliance on the change-of-location paradigm in false belief research.It therefore expands the repertoire of methods available for testing false belief understanding with minimally verbal and nonverbal procedures.
关键词：International Journal of Comparative Psychology; Behavior; Behaviour; Communication; Vocalization; Learning; Behavioral Taxonomy; Cognition; Cognitive Processes; Intelligence; Choice; Conditioning; Language; Primates; False Belief; Chimpanzee