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标题：Evaluation of Neonicotinoid Residues in Hive Products from Selected Counties in Kenya
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作者：Protus Mulati ; Esther Kitur ; Catherine Taracha 等
期刊名称：Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology
电子版ISSN：2161-0525
出版年度：2018
卷号：8
期号：4
页码：1-7
DOI：10.4172/2161-0525.1000577
语种：English
出版社：OMICS International
摘要：The presence of neonicotinoid residues in bee hive products and the wide spread human consumption of these products is already a food safety problem in Kenya. This study aims to find out the concentration of neonicotinoid residues in bee hive products from Kiambu and Nairobi counties. Neonicotinoid residues were extracted from two hive products (honey and pollen) using modified Quick Cheap Rugged Safe (QUECHERS) method. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify and quantify the specific residues present. Three neonicotinoid residues (acetamiprid, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid) were detected in pollen and honey with the levels of contamination dependent on the location of the apiary. Our results indicate that pollen was the most contaminated with some of the residues detected exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRL) accepted in apicultural products whereas all the levels of residues detected in honey were all below the MRL. Specifically, the concentrations of thiamethoxa m detected in pollen from apiaries located in horticultural farms were more than 4-fold higher than the acceptable MRL in apicultural products. In addition to experimental analysis, during a field survey a total of 72 households were involved in a cross- sectional survey to assess the pesticides usage and frequency of application on cultivated crops around apiaries. Structured pre-tested questionnaires were administered through personal interviews and focused group discussion among beekeepers in the study site. The study revealed that pesticides used in the region include carbamates (32.4%), pyrethroids (14.6%), neonicotinoids (14.4%), herbicides (15.7%), fungicides (1.4%), acaricides (5.6%) and organophosphates (14.5%). The study also showed that 26.4% of respondents used carbaryl carbamates, 13.2% use Karate, 12% thiamethoxam and 7.4% dichlorvos. On the frequency of application, 86% of respondents used pesticides every week, 12.5% fortnightly and 1.4% when available. The presence of neonicotinoid residues in bee hive products suggests that neonicotinoids poses a potential food safety problem in the beekeeping industry hence there is a need for additional long-term monitoring.
关键词：Neonicotinoid residues; Bee health; Hive products; Pesticides; LC-MS/MS