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标题：Anisotropy of the galaxy cluster X-ray luminosity–temperature relation
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作者：Konstantinos Migkas ; Thomas H. Reiprich
期刊名称：Astronomy & Astrophysics
印刷版ISSN：0004-6361
电子版ISSN：1432-0746
出版年度：2018
卷号：611
DOI：10.1051/0004-6361/201731222
语种：English
出版社：EDP Sciences
摘要：We introduce a new test to study the cosmological principle with galaxy clusters. Galaxy clusters exhibit a tight correlation between the luminosity and temperature of the X-ray-emitting intracluster medium. While the luminosity measurement depends on cosmological parameters through the luminosity distance, the temperature determination is cosmology-independent. We exploit this property to test the isotropy of the luminosity distance over the full extragalactic sky, through the normalizationaof theLX–Tscaling relation and the cosmological parameters ΩmandH0. To this end, we use two almost independent galaxy cluster samples: the ASCA Cluster Catalog (ACC) and the XMM Cluster Survey (XCS-DR1). Interestingly enough, these two samples appear to have the same pattern forawith respect to the Galactic longitude. More specifically, we identify one sky region withinl~ (−15°, 90°) (Group A) that shares very different best-fit values for the normalization of theLX–Trelation for both ACC and XCS-DR1 samples. We use the Bootstrap and Jackknife methods to assess the statistical significance of these results. We find the deviation of Group A, compared to the rest of the sky in terms ofa, to be ~2.7σfor ACC and ~3.1σfor XCS-DR1. This tension is not significantly relieved after excluding possible outliers and is not attributed to different redshift (z), temperature (T), or distributions of observable uncertainties. Moreover, a redshift conversion to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) frame does not have an important impact on our results. Using also the HIFLUGCS sample, we show that a possible excess of cool-core clusters in this region, is not able to explain the obtained deviations. Furthermore, we tested for a dependence of the results on supercluster environment, where the fraction of disturbed clusters might be enhanced, possibly affecting theLX–Trelation. We indeed find a trend in the XCS-DR1 sample for supercluster members to be underluminous compared to field clusters. However, the fraction of supercluster members is similar in the different sky regions, so this cannot explain the observed differences, either. Constraining ΩmandH0via the redshift evolution ofLX–Tand the luminosity distance via the flux–luminosity conversion, we obtain approximately the same deviation amplitudes as fora. It is interesting that the general observed behavior of Ωmfor the sky regions that coincide with the CMB dipole is similar to what was found with other cosmological probes such as supernovae Ia. The reason for this behavior remains to be identified.
关键词：Key wordsencosmology: observationsX-rays: galaxies: clustersgalaxies: clusters: generalmethods: statistical