文章基本信息

标题：La respuesta cardiorrespiratoria durante la segunda transición del triatlón: revisión. (Cardiorespiratory response during second transition in triathlon: review).
本地全文：下载
作者：Víctor Díaz Molina ; Ana Belén Peinado Lozano ; María Álvarez Sánchez 等
期刊名称：RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte. doi:10.5232/ricyde
印刷版ISSN：1885-3137
出版年度：2009
卷号：5
期号：14
页码：45-58
语种：Spanish
出版社：Ramón Cantó Alcaraz (Publisher)
摘要：El triatlón es un deporte de resistencia que combina sucesivamente natación, ciclismo y carrera a pie. Como en otros deportes de estas características, la capacidad aeróbica máxima y la posibilidad de mantener una fracción alta del consumo de oxígeno máximo durante la competición son determinantes para el éxito. Ahora bien, el triatlón posee algunas peculiaridades, y la segunda transición es un momento clave, pues la capacidad para enlazar las etapas de ciclismo y carrera es determinante para el rendimiento, ya que la respuesta cardiorrespiratoria durante la carrera a pie de un triatlón se ve aumentada por diversos factores. Así, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar las explicaciones que se han planteado para justificar la respuesta cardiorrespiratoria específica de la segunda transición del triatlón, comenzando por el “drift” cardiovascular y respiratorio, y terminando por los estudios que han abordado el entrenamiento específico de la segunda transición. Palabras clave : triatlón; sucesión ciclismo-carrera; drift cardiovascular; coste metabólico; resistencia; fatiga respiratoria. Abstract Triahtlon is an endurance sport consisting of sequential swimming, cycling and running. As in other sports with similar characteristics, maximal aerobic capacity and the possibility to sustain high percentages of maximal oxygen uptake during competition are decisive to be successful. However, triathlon has some peculiarities, and the second transition is a key moment, because the ability to link cycling and running sectors is decisive for performance, as cardiorespiratory response during runing is increased by different factors. Thus, the aim of the present work was to review the explanations that have been considered to justify the specific cardiorespiratoy response during cycling-running succession in triathlon, from cardiovascular and ventilatory drift, to the studies that treat on specific traning adaptations during the second transition. Key words : triathlon, cycle-run succession; cardiovascular drift; oxygen cost; endurance; respiratory fatigue. doi:10.5232/ricyde2009.01405 Texto completo en PDF --------------------------------------------------------------------- Referencias/references Ansley, L.; Robson, P. J.; St Clair Gibson, A. & Noakes, T. D. (2004). Anticipatory pacing strategies during supramaximal exercise lasting longer than 30 s. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36(2), 309-314. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000113474.31529.C6 Ansley, L.; Schabort, E.; St Clair Gibson, A.; Lambert, M. I. & Noakes, T. D. (2004). Regulation of pacing strategies during successive 4-km time trials. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36(10), 1819-1825. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000142409.70181.9D Bernard, T.; Vercruyssen, F.; Grego, F.; Hausswirth, C.; Lepers, R.; Vallier, J. M. et al. (2003). Effect of cycling cadence on subsequent 3 km running performance in well trained triathletes. Br J Sports Med, 37(2), 154-159. doi:10.1136/bjsm.37.2.154 PMid:12663359 PMCid:1724616 Boussana, A.; Galy, O.; Hue, O.; Matecki, S.; Varray, A.; Ramonatxo, M. et al. (2003). The effects of prior cycling and a successive run on respiratory muscle performance in triathletes. Int J Sports Med, 24(1), 63-70. doi:10.1055/s-2003-37201 PMid:12582954 Boussana, A.; Matecki, S.; Galy, O.; Hue, O.; Ramonatxo, M. & Le Gallais, D. (2001). The effect of exercise modality on respiratory muscle performance in triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33(12), 2036-2043. doi:10.1097/00005768-200112000-00010 Caillaud, C.; Serre-Cousine, O.; Anselme, F.; Capdevilla, X. & Prefaut, C. (1995). Computerized tomography and pulmonary diffusing capacity in highly trained athletes after performing a triathlon. J Appl Physiol, 79(4), 1226-1232. PMid:8567566 Fortney, S. M.; Wenger, C. B.; Bove, J. R. & Nadel, E. R. (1983). Effect of blood volume on forearm venous and cardiac stroke volume during exercise. J Appl Physiol, 55(3), 884-890. PMid:6629925 Foster, C.; Schrager, M.; Snyder, A. C. & Thompson, N. N. (1994). Pacing strategy and athletic performance. Sports Med, 17(2), 77-85. doi:10.2165/00007256-199417020-00001 PMid:8171225 Freund, B. J.; Joyner, M. J.; Jilka, S. M.; Kalis, J.; Nittolo, J. M.; Taylor, J. A. et al. (1987). Thermoregulation during prolonged exercise in heat: alterations with beta-adrenergic blockade. J Appl Physiol, 63(3), 930-936. PMid:2820920 Galy, O.; Hue, O.; Boussana, A.; Peyreigne, C.; Couret, I.; Le Gallais, D. et al. (2003). Effects of the order of running and cycling of similar intensity and duration on pulmonary diffusing capacity in triathletes. Eur J Appl Physiol, 90(5-6), 489-495. doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0900-9 PMid:12898268 Gonzalez-Alonso, J.; Calbet, J. A. L. & Nielsen, B. (1998). Muscle blood flow is reduced with dehydration during prolonged exercise in humans. J Physiol, 513 (Pt 3), 895-905. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.895ba.x PMid:9824726 PMCid:2231307 González, J.; Calbet, J. A. L. & Nielsen, B. (1999). Metabolic and thermodynamic responses to dehydration-induced reductions in muscle blood flow in exercising humans. J Physiol, 520 (Pt 2), 577-589. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.00577.x PMid:10523424 PMCid:2269598 Gottschall, J. S. & Palmer, B. M. (2002). The acute effects of prior cycling cadence on running performance and kinematics. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34(9), 1518-1522. doi:10.1097/00005768-200209000-00019 Grant, S. M.; Green, H. J.; Phillips, S. M. & Sutton, J. R. (1997). Effects of acute expansion of plasma volume on cardiovascular and thermal function during prolonged exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 76(4), 356-362. doi:10.1007/s004210050261 Guezennec, C. Y.; Vallier, J. M.; Bigard, A. X. & Durey, A. (1996). Increase in energy cost of running at the end of a triathlon. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 73(5), 440-445. doi:10.1007/BF00334421 Hamilton, M. T.; González, J.; Montain, S. J. & Coyle, E. F. (1991). Fluid replacement and glucose infusion during exercise prevent cardiovascular drift. J Appl Physiol, 71(3), 871-877. PMid:1757323 Hanel, B.; Clifford, P. S. & Secher, N. H. (1994). Restricted postexercise pulmonary diffusion capacity does not impair maximal transport for O2. J Appl Physiol, 77(5), 2408-2412. PMid:7868462 Hanel, B.; Gustafsson, F.; Larsen, H. H. & Secher, N. H. (1993). Influence of exercise intensity and duration on post-exercise pulmonary diffusion capacity. Int J Sports Med, 14 Suppl 1, S11-14. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1021216 PMid:8262699 Hausswirth, C.; Bigard, A. X.; Berthelot, M.; Thomaidis, M. & Guezennec, C. Y. (1996). Variability in energy cost of running at the end of a triathlon and a marathon. Int J Sports Med, 17(8), 572-579. doi:10.1055/s-2007-972897 PMid:8973977 Hausswirth, C.; Bigard, A. X. & Guezennec, C. Y. (1997). Relationships between running mechanics and energy cost of running at the end of a triathlon and a marathon. Int J Sports Med, 18(5), 330-339. doi:10.1055/s-2007-972642 PMid:9298772 Hausswirth, C. & Lehenaff, D. (2001). Physiological demands of running during long distance runs and triathlons. Sports Med, 31(9), 679-689. doi:10.2165/00007256-200131090-00004 PMid:11508523 Hill, N. S.; Jacoby, C. & Farber, H. W. (1991). Effect of an endurance triathlon on pulmonary function. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 23(11), 1260-1264. doi:10.1249/00005768-199111000-00010 Hsia, C. C. W. (2002). Recruitment of lung diffusing capacity: update of concept and application. Chest, 122(5). doi:10.1378/chest.122.5.1774 PMid:12426283 Hue, O. (2003). Prediction of drafted-triathlon race time from submaximal laboratory testing in elite triathletes. Can J Appl Physiol, 28(4), 547-560. PMid:12904633 Hue, O.; Boussana, A.; Galy, O.; Le Gallais, D.; Chamari, K. & Prefaut, C. (2001). The effect of multi-cycle-run blocks on pulmonary function in triathletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 41(3), 300-305. PMid:11533558 Hue, O.; Galy, O.; Le Gallais, D. & Prefaut, C. (2001). Pulmonary responses during the cycle-run succession in elite and competitive triathletes. Can J Appl Physiol, 26(6), 559-573. PMid:11842273 Hue, O.; Le Gallais, D.; Boussana, A.; Chollet, D. & Prefaut, C. (1999). Ventilatory responses during experimental cycle-run transition in triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31(10), 1422-1428. doi:10.1097/00005768-199910000-00010 Hue, O.; Le Gallais, D.; Boussana, A.; Chollet, D. & Prefaut, C. (2000). Performance level and cardiopulmonary responses during a cycle-run trial. Int J Sports Med, 21(4), 250-255. doi:10.1055/s-2000-8883 PMid:10853695 Hue, O.; Le Gallais, D.; Boussana, A. & Prefaut, C. (2001). DLCO response to experimental cycle-run succession in triathletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 41(4), 441-447. PMid:11687762 Hue, O.; Le Gallais, D.; Chollet, D.; Boussana, A. & Prefaut, C. (1998). The influence of prior cycling on biomechanical and cardiorespiratory response profiles during running in triathletes. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 77(1-2), 98-105. doi:10.1007/s004210050306 Hue, O.; Le Gallais, D. & Prefaut, C. (2001). Specific pulmonary responses during the cycle-run succession in triathletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 11(6), 355-361. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.110607.x PMid:11782268 Hue, O.; Valluet, A.; Blonc, S. & Hertogh, C. (2002). Effects of multicycle-run training on triathlete performance. Res Q Exerc Sport, 73(3), 289-295. PMid:12230335 Johnson, B. D.; Babcock, M. A.; Suman, O. E. & Dempsey, J. A. (1993). Exercise-induced diaphragmatic fatigue in healthy humans. J Physiol, 460, 385-405. PMid:8487201 PMCid:1175219 Kreider, R. B.; Boone, T.; Thompson, W. R.; Burkes, S. & Cortes, C. W. (1988). Cardiovascular and thermal responses of triathlon performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 20(4), 385-390. doi:10.1249/00005768-198808000-00010 Landers, G. J.; Blanksby, B. A.; Ackland, T. R. & Smith, D. (2000). Morphology and performance of world championship triathletes. Ann Hum Biol, 27(4), 387-400. doi:10.1080/03014460050044865 PMid:10942346 Lepers, R.; Millet, G. Y. & Maffiuletti, N. A. (2001). Effect of cycling cadence on contractile and neural properties of knee extensors. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33(11), 1882-1888. doi:10.1097/00005768-200111000-00013 PMid:11689739 Mador, M. J. & Tobin, M. J. (1992). The effect of inspiratory muscle fatigue on breathing pattern and ventilatory response to CO2. J Physiol, 455, 17-32. PMid:1484352 PMCid:1175631 Millet, G. P. & Bentley, D. J. (2004). The physiological responses to running after cycling in elite junior and senior triathletes. Int J Sports Med, 25(3), 191-197. doi:10.1055/s-2003-45259 PMid:15088243 Millet, G. P.; Millet, G. Y.; Hofmann, M. D. & Candau, R. B. (2000). Alterations in running economy and mechanics after maximal cycling in triathletes: influence of performance level. Int J Sports Med, 21(2), 127-132. doi:10.1055/s-2000-8866 PMid:10727074 Millet, G. P. & Vleck, V. E. (2000). Physiological and biomechanical adaptations to the cycle to run transition in Olympic triathlon: review and practical recommendations for training. Br J Sports Med, 34(5), 384-390. doi:10.1136/bjsm.34.5.384 PMid:11049151 PMCid:1756235 Miura, H.; Kitagawa, K. & Ishiko, T. (1999). Characteristic feature of oxygen cost at simulated laboratory triathlon test in trained triathletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 39(2), 101-106. PMid:10399416 Montain, S. J. & Coyle, E. F. (1992a). Fluid ingestion during exercise increases skin blood flow independent of increases in blood volume. J Appl Physiol, 73(3), 903-910. PMid:1400054 Montain, S. J. & Coyle, E. F. (1992b). Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise. J Appl Physiol, 73(4), 1340-1350. PMid:1447078 Noakes, T. D.; St Clair Gibson, A. & Lambert, E. V. (2004). From catastrophe to complexity: a novel model of integrative central neural regulation of effort and fatigue during exercise in humans. Br J Sports Med, 38(4), 511-514. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.009860 PMid:15273198 PMCid:1724894 Noakes, T. D.; St Clair Gibson, A. & Lambert, E. V. (2005). From catastrophe to complexity: a novel model of integrative central neural regulation of effort and fatigue during exercise in humans: summary and conclusions. Br J Sports Med, 39(2), 120-124. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.010330 PMid:15665213 PMCid:1725112 Rowell, L. B. (1974). Human cardiovascular adjustments to exercise and thermal stress. Physiol Rev, 54(1), 75-159. PMid:4587247 St Clair Gibson, A. & Noakes, T. D. (2004). Evidence for complex system integration and dynamic neural regulation of skeletal muscle recruitment during exercise in humans. Br J Sports Med, 38(6), 797-806. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.009852 PMid:15562183 PMCid:1724966 St Croix, C. M.; Harms, C. A.; McClaran, S. R.; Nickele, G. A.; Pegelow, D. F.; Nelson, W. B. et al. (1998). Effects of prior exercise on exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in young women. J Appl Physiol, 85(4), 1556-1563. PMid:9760353 Ulmer, H. V. (1996). Concept of an extracellular regulation of muscular metabolic rate during heavy exercise in humans by psychophysiological feedback. Experientia, 52(5), 416-420. doi:10.1007/BF01919309 Vercruyssen, F.; Brisswalter, J.; Hausswirth, C.; Bernard, T.; Bernard, O. & Vallier, J. M. (2002). Influence of cycling cadence on subsequent running performance in triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34(3), 530-536. doi:10.1097/00005768-200203000-00022 Vercruyssen, F.; Suriano, R.; Bishop, D.; Hausswirth, C. & Brisswalter, J. (2005). Cadence selection affects metabolic responses during cycling and subsequent running time to fatigue. Br J Sports Med, 39(5), 267-272. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2004.011668 PMid:15849289 PMCid:1725201 West, J. B. (2000). Invited review: pulmonary capillary stress failure. J Appl Physiol, 89(6), 2483-2489;discussion 2497. PMid:11090605 West, J. B.; Tsukimoto, K.; Mathieu-Costello, O. & Prediletto, R. (1991). Stress failure in pulmonary capillaries. J Appl Physiol, 70(4), 1731-1742. PMid:2055852 Zderic, T. W.; Ruby, B. C.; Hartpence, J. W. & Meyers, M. (1997). Physiological predictors of combined cycling and running performance in trained male triathletes [abstract no. 1262]. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 29(5 Suppl.), S221. doi:10.1097/00005768-199705001-01260 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
关键词：triatlón;sucesión ciclismo-carrera;drift cardiovascular;coste metabólico;resistencia;fatiga respiratoria;triathlon; cycle-run succession;cardiovascular drift;oxygen cost;endurance;respiratory fatigue.