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标题：Child exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollutants in schools in Barcelona, Spain
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作者：I. Rivas ; I. Rivas ; M. Viana 等
期刊名称：Environment International
印刷版ISSN：0160-4120
电子版ISSN：1873-6750
出版年度：2014
卷号：69
页码：200-214
DOI：10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.009
语种：English
出版社：Pergamon
摘要：Abstract Proximity to road traffic involves higher health risks because of atmospheric pollutants. In addition to outdoor air, indoor air quality contributes to overall exposure. In the framework of the BREATHE study, indoor and outdoor air pollution was assessed in 39 schools in Barcelona. The study quantifies indoor and outdoor air quality during school hours of the BREATHE schools. High levels of fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), equivalent black carbon (EBC), ultrafine particle (UFP) number concentration and road traffic related trace metals were detected in school playgrounds and indoor environments. PM2.5 almost doubled (factor of 1.7) the usual urban background (UB) levels reported for Barcelona owing to high school-sourced PM2.5 contributions: [1] an indoor-generated source characterised mainly by organic carbon (OC) from organic textile fibres, cooking and other organic emissions, and by calcium and strontium (chalk dust) and; [2] mineral elements from sand-filled playgrounds, detected both indoors and outdoors. The levels of mineral elements are unusually high in PM2.5 because of the breakdown of mineral particles during playground activities. Moreover, anthropogenic PM components (such as OC and arsenic) are dry/wet deposited in this mineral matter. Therefore, PM2.5 cannot be considered a good tracer of traffic emissions in schools despite being influenced by them. On the other hand, outdoor NO2, EBC, UFP, and antimony appear to be good indicators of traffic emissions. The concentrations of NO2 are 1.2 times higher at schools than UB, suggesting the proximity of some schools to road traffic. Indoor levels of these traffic-sourced pollutants are very similar to those detected outdoors, indicating easy penetration of atmospheric pollutants. Spatial variation shows higher levels of EBC, NO2, UFP and, partially, PM2.5 in schools in the centre than in the outskirts of Barcelona, highlighting the influence of traffic emissions. Mean child exposure to pollutants in schools in Barcelona attains intermediate levels between UB and traffic stations. Graphical abstract Display Omitted Highlights • 39 schools in Barcelona monitored (indoor and outdoor) for air quality assessment. • Higher levels of traffic pollutants at schools than at urban background station. • OC, Ca & Sr are mainly school sourced: organic emissions, textile fibres and chalk. • Mineral matter (mixed with urban pollutants) is resuspended by children activities. • BC, NO2, UFP & few metals good traffic tracers but not PM2.5 due to school sources.
关键词：School indoor air; PM2.5 ; Black carbon; Ultrafine particles; Organic carbon; Mineral matter;