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标题：Trihalomethanes in public drinking water and stillbirth and low birth weight rates: an intervention study
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作者：Nina Iszatt ; Nina Iszatt ; Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen 等
期刊名称：Environment International
印刷版ISSN：0160-4120
电子版ISSN：1873-6750
出版年度：2014
卷号：73
页码：434-439
DOI：10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.006
语种：English
出版社：Pergamon
摘要：Abstract During 2003–2004, United Utilities water company in North West England introduced enhanced coagulation (EC) to four treatment works to mitigate disinfection by-product (DBP) formation. This enabled examination of the relation between DBPs and birth outcomes whilst reducing socioeconomic confounding. We compared stillbirth, and low and very low birth weight rates three years before (2000–2002) with three years after (2005–2007) the intervention, and in relation to categories of THM change. We created exposure metrics for EC and trihalomethane (THM) concentration change (n=258 water zones). We linked 429,599 live births and 2279 stillbirths from national birth registers to the water zone at birth. We used Poisson regression to model the differences in birth outcome rates with an interaction between before/after the intervention and EC or THM change. EC treatment reduced chloroform concentrations more than non-treatment (mean -29.7µg/l vs. -14.5µg/l), but not brominated THM concentrations. Only 6% of EC water zones received 100% EC water, creating exposure misclassification concerns. EC intervention was not associated with a statistically significant reduction in birth outcome rates. Areas with the highest chloroform decrease (30 – 65μg/l) had the greatest percentage decrease in low -9 % (-12, -5) and very low birth weight -16% (-24, -8) rates. The interaction between before/after intervention and chloroform change was statistically significant only for very low birth weight, p=0.02. There were no significant decreases in stillbirth rates. In a novel approach for studying DBPs and adverse reproductive outcomes, the EC intervention to reduce DBPs did not affect birth outcome rates. However, a measured large decrease in chloroform concentrations was associated with statistically significant reductions in very low birth weight rates. Highlights • A water company introduced enhanced coagulation to mitigate DBP formation. • We compared birth outcome rates three years before and after the intervention. • Enhanced coagulation reduced chloroform but not brominated THM concentrations. • High chloroform decrease suggests decrease in stillbirth and low birth weight rates. • High decreases in chloroform significantly decrease very low birth weight rates.
关键词：Chloroform; Disinfection by-products; Trihalomethanes; Drinking-water; Low birth weight; Stillbirth;